{"id":10170,"date":"2022-07-05T17:04:05","date_gmt":"2022-07-05T17:04:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/legalblog.ie\/choice-of-law-non-contractual\/"},"modified":"2024-02-27T18:31:51","modified_gmt":"2024-02-27T18:31:51","slug":"choice-of-law-non-contractual","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/choice-of-law-non-contractual\/","title":{"rendered":"Choice Law Non-Contract"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_63 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/choice-of-law-non-contractual\/#Choice_In_Principle_Permitted\" title=\"Choice In Principle Permitted\">Choice In Principle Permitted<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/choice-of-law-non-contractual\/#Limitations\" title=\"Limitations\">Limitations<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/choice-of-law-non-contractual\/#Scope_of_EU_Regulation\" title=\"Scope of EU Regulation\">Scope of EU Regulation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/choice-of-law-non-contractual\/#EU_Regulation_and_Remedies\" title=\"EU Regulation and Remedies\">EU Regulation and Remedies<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/choice-of-law-non-contractual\/#Mandatory_Law_of_Forum\" title=\"Mandatory Law of Forum\">Mandatory Law of Forum<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Choice_In_Principle_Permitted\"><\/span>Choice In Principle Permitted<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Parties may submit non-contractual obligations to the law of their choice. That is, they may usually choose which law to apply. This also applies to non-contractual obligations other than those arising from unfair competition or the infringement of intellectual property rights.<\/p>\n<p>Conditions are applied in order to protect consumers and weaker parties. Where the agreement is entered after the damage, these protections do not apply as the weaker party is less likely to agree on an adverse choice.<\/p>\n<p>A weaker party may be bound by the standard terms and conditions of the stronger party, providing for an adverse and inconvenient choice of law. Therefore, the prior agreement must be freely negotiated.\u00a0 The choice must be expressed or demonstrated with reasonable certainty by the circumstances of the case. \u00a0The parties&#8217; choice is not to prejudice third parties.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Limitations\"><\/span>Limitations<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>There are a number of limitations on the parties&#8217; right to choose the governing law. \u00a0Where all elements relevant to the situation at the time of the event giving rise to the claim for damage are located in a state other than a state whose law has been chosen, the choice of the party shall not prejudice the application or provisions of the laws of that state which cannot be derogated by agreement.\u00a0 This refers to mandatory rules of law, usually consumer protection rules, which cannot be contracted \u201cout of\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>Where all elements relevant to the situation at the time of the event giving rise to the damage are located in one or more states, the parties&#8217; choice of law applicable other than a member state shall not prejudice the application provisions of EU law, which cannot be derogated from \/ contracted out.\u00a0 This would apply to EU-wide mandatory rules such as consumer protection rules, which have been made in the last 40 years.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Scope_of_EU_Regulation\"><\/span>Scope of EU Regulation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The Regulation sets out guidance on the scope of the law applicable under the above choice of law rule.\u00a0 This applies to the rules for tort\/equitable and restitutionary remedies.<\/p>\n<p>The rules apply to the basis and extent of liability, including the determination of the parties who may be held liable for acts performed by them (vicarious liability). regulation.\u00a0 It also covers questions of capacity. It covers whether the matter depends on negligence, strict fault, the degree of fault and whether any statutory maxima are laid down.<\/p>\n<p>It applies to grounds for any exemption from liability, limitation of liability and division of liability.\u00a0 It applies to the existence and the nature and assessment of damages or the remedy claim.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"EU_Regulation_and_Remedies\"><\/span>EU Regulation and Remedies<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>It applies to the assessment of damages.\u00a0 This is so, notwithstanding that in the latter case, \u00a0the provisions were traditionally regarded as procedural and not substantive.\u00a0 Therefore, they are not dependent on the law of the place where the case is heard.<\/p>\n<p>It applies to the remedy. It applies to the measurement of damages of compensation.\u00a0 It applies to the question of whether a right to claim damages or remedy may be transferred, including by inheritance.<\/p>\n<p>It determines the persons entitled to compensation for damage sustained personally.\u00a0 It determines vicarious liability, i.e., liability for the acts of the other.\u00a0 It determines the manner in which an obligation may be extinguished, including prescription and limitation, including time limits \/statute of limitations.<\/p>\n<p>It covers release and settlement. These latter rules were traditionally regarded as procedural but are categorised as substantive rules in this context.\u00a0 This is the same approach as in the case of contracts.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Mandatory_Law_of_Forum\"><\/span>Mandatory Law of Forum<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>There are some modifications and limits to the applicable laws above.\u00a0 They are based on public policy considerations.<\/p>\n<p>Nothing in the Regulation restricts the application of mandatory provisions of the law of the forum, irrespective of the law otherwise applicable to a non-contractual obligation.\u00a0 These are mandatory rules of the jurisdiction of the court hearing the case.\u00a0 The concept is similar to that applicable in relation to contract law.<\/p>\n<p>An application of law provided under the regulation may be refused only if its application would be manifestly incompatible with the public policy of the forum.\u00a0 These are fundamental matters of law which cannot be derogated from by agreement.<\/p>\n<p>This may apply, for example, when the foreign law defeats basic human rights protection, consumer protection, and employee protection rules in the former state.\u00a0 Certain matters allowed under the laws of other jurisdictions may be incompatible with the values of a Western democracy.<\/p>\n<p>In assessing the conduct of a person who is sought to be made liable, account must be taken as a matter of fact and insofar as appropriate of the rules on safety and conduct which were in force at the place and time where and when the event giving rise to the liability occurred.<\/p>\n<!--themify_builder_content-->\n<div id=\"themify_builder_content-10170\" data-postid=\"10170\" class=\"themify_builder_content themify_builder_content-10170 themify_builder tf_clear\">\n    <\/div>\n<!--\/themify_builder_content-->\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Choice In Principle Permitted Parties may submit non-contractual obligations to the law of their choice. That is, they may usually choose which law to apply. This also applies to non-contractual obligations other than those arising from unfair competition or the infringement of intellectual property rights. Conditions are applied in order to protect consumers and weaker [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[153],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10170"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10170"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10170\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":32416,"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10170\/revisions\/32416"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10170"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10170"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10170"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}