{"id":10176,"date":"2022-07-05T17:07:49","date_gmt":"2022-07-05T17:07:49","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/legalblog.ie\/civil-wrongs-eu\/"},"modified":"2024-02-27T07:55:39","modified_gmt":"2024-02-27T07:55:39","slug":"civil-wrongs-eu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/civil-wrongs-eu\/","title":{"rendered":"Civil Wrongs EU"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_63 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/civil-wrongs-eu\/#Overview\" title=\"Overview\">Overview<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/civil-wrongs-eu\/#Scope_of_EU_Regulation\" title=\"Scope of EU Regulation\">Scope of EU Regulation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/civil-wrongs-eu\/#Habitual_Residence\" title=\"Habitual Residence\">Habitual Residence<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/civil-wrongs-eu\/#Civil_Wrongs\" title=\"Civil Wrongs\">Civil Wrongs<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Overview\"><\/span>Overview<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The conflicts of law rules for tort and other non-contractual matters have now been revised significantly as of January 2009 by European Union Regulation. \u00a0As with the judgments regulation, the European legislation applies directly in all States and has the direct force of law.<\/p>\n<p>Parties have the freedom of choice to submit non-contractual obligations to their chosen law.\u00a0 They may agree on the law that applies. This must be done by an agreement entered after the event which caused the damage or where all persons are pursuing a commercial activity by freely agreed negotiation before the event. \u00a0The choice must be expressed with reasonable certainty and demonstrated with reasonable certainty by the circumstances.<\/p>\n<p>Where all the elements relevant to the situation at the time when the event giving rise to the damage occurred are in a particular country other than the one whose laws are chosen, then the mandatory laws of that former country apply and cannot be changed by agreement.\u00a0 Where the elements relevant to the situation at the time when the event giving rise to the damage occurs are located in several Member States, the choice of law cannot be derived from mandatory EU rules.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Scope_of_EU_Regulation\"><\/span>Scope of EU Regulation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The law applicable under the EU regulation covers the basis and extent of liability. This includes<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>who is to be found liable,<\/li>\n<li>grounds for exemption,<\/li>\n<li>limitation and division of liability,<\/li>\n<li>the measurement and assessment of damages,<\/li>\n<li>persons entitled to claim,<\/li>\n<li>liability for the acts of another and<\/li>\n<li>rules as to limitations and extinguishment of rights to bring claims.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The Regulation cannot restrict the mandatory rules of the place where the court, which hears matters, sits.\u00a0 The safety and conduct rules of the place where the event took place must be taken into account in assessing the conduct of the person claimed to be liable.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Habitual_Residence\"><\/span>Habitual Residence<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The concept of habitual residence applies, as it applies under other EU Regulations on conflicts of laws. \u00a0The habitual residence of a person acting in the course of his business is where the principal place of business is.<\/p>\n<p>The habitual residence of companies or bodies is their place of central administration.\u00a0 Where the event arises from the operations of a branch agency or other establishment, this is treated as the habitual residence.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Civil_Wrongs\"><\/span>Civil Wrongs<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>In the case of torts or civil wrongs, the general rule that the law of the country where the damage occurs applies irrespective of where the event causing the damage takes place.\u00a0 Where the claimant and the defendant have their habitual residence in the same country at the time when the damage occurs, that law will apply.<\/p>\n<p>Where it is clear the civil wrong is manifestly more closely connected with another country, the law of that country will apply. \u00a0This may arise from a pre-existing relationship, such as a contract closely connected with the civil wrong in question.<\/p>\n<p>In the case of product liability, the law of the country where the person sustained the damages has his habitual residence when the damage occurred applies, provided that the product was marketed in that country. If not, the law where the product was acquired if marketed in that country or the law of the country where the damage occurred if marketed in that country applies.<\/p>\n<p>Damage and loss arising from environmental damages is determined by the law in relation to civil liability unless the person seeking compensation chooses to base his claim on the law of the country where the damage occurred.<\/p>\n<!--themify_builder_content-->\n<div id=\"themify_builder_content-10176\" data-postid=\"10176\" class=\"themify_builder_content themify_builder_content-10176 themify_builder tf_clear\">\n    <\/div>\n<!--\/themify_builder_content-->\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Overview The conflicts of law rules for tort and other non-contractual matters have now been revised significantly as of January 2009 by European Union Regulation. \u00a0As with the judgments regulation, the European legislation applies directly in all States and has the direct force of law. Parties have the freedom of choice to submit non-contractual obligations [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[153],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10176"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10176"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10176\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":32410,"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10176\/revisions\/32410"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10176"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10176"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10176"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}