{"id":10436,"date":"2022-07-15T21:53:43","date_gmt":"2022-07-15T21:53:43","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/legalblog.ie\/institutions-2-2\/"},"modified":"2024-03-18T09:56:08","modified_gmt":"2024-03-18T09:56:08","slug":"institutions-2-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/institutions-2-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Institutions"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_63 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/institutions-2-2\/#United_Nations\" title=\"United Nations\">United Nations<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/institutions-2-2\/#Agencies_of_UN\" title=\"Agencies of UN\">Agencies of UN<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/institutions-2-2\/#European_Union\" title=\"European Union\">European Union<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/institutions-2-2\/#EU_Institutions\" title=\"EU Institutions\">EU Institutions<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/institutions-2-2\/#EU_Courts_I\" title=\"EU Courts I\">EU Courts I<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/institutions-2-2\/#EU_Courts_II\" title=\"EU Courts II\">EU Courts II<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/institutions-2-2\/#Legal_Organisations\" title=\"Legal Organisations\">Legal Organisations<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/institutions-2-2\/#Free_Trade_Areas\" title=\"Free Trade Areas\">Free Trade Areas<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/institutions-2-2\/2\/#CRIMINAL_JUSTICE_SAFETY_OF_UNITED_NATIONS_WORKERS_ACT_2000\" title=\"CRIMINAL JUSTICE (SAFETY OF UNITED NATIONS WORKERS) ACT, 2000\">CRIMINAL JUSTICE (SAFETY OF UNITED NATIONS WORKERS) ACT, 2000<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/institutions-2-2\/2\/#Interpretation\" title=\"Interpretation.\">Interpretation.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/institutions-2-2\/2\/#Offences_in_connection_with_premises_or_vehicles_of_United_Nations_workers\" title=\"Offences in connection with premises or vehicles of United Nations workers.\">Offences in connection with premises or vehicles of United Nations workers.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/institutions-2-2\/2\/#Related_offences\" title=\"Related offences.\">Related offences.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/institutions-2-2\/2\/#Proceedings_under_Act\" title=\"Proceedings under Act.\">Proceedings under Act.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/institutions-2-2\/2\/#Amendment_of_Defence_Act_1954\" title=\"Amendment of Defence Act, 1954.\">Amendment of Defence Act, 1954.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/institutions-2-2\/2\/#Amendment_of_Criminal_Procedure_Act_1967\" title=\"Amendment of Criminal Procedure Act, 1967.\">Amendment of Criminal Procedure Act, 1967.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/institutions-2-2\/2\/#Amendment_of_Schedule_to_Bail_Act_1997\" title=\"Amendment of Schedule to Bail Act, 1997.\">Amendment of Schedule to Bail Act, 1997.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/institutions-2-2\/2\/#Double_jeopardy\" title=\"Double jeopardy.\">Double jeopardy.<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/institutions-2-2\/2\/#Convention_On_The_Safety_Of_United_Nations_And_Associated_Personnel\" title=\"Convention On The Safety Of United Nations And Associated Personnel\">Convention On The Safety Of United Nations And Associated Personnel<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/institutions-2-2\/2\/#PART_I_Common_law_offences\" title=\"PART I\u00a0Common law offences\">PART I\u00a0Common law offences<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/institutions-2-2\/2\/#PART_II_other_Offences\" title=\"PART II other Offences\">PART II other Offences<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"United_Nations\"><\/span>United Nations<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Intergovernmental organizations are permanent organisations set up by states to carry out activities in common.\u00a0 The United Nations was set up for the purpose of the maintenance of peace, and security in the world, the promotion of economic and social cooperation and the protection of human rights.\u00a0 Almost every country in the world is a member of the United Nations.<\/p>\n<p>The organs of the United Nations are the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Secretariat, the International Court of Justice, the Trusteeship Council and the Economic and Social Council.<\/p>\n<p>The General Assembly is a legislative-type body made up of representatives of all states.\u00a0 It discusses matters within its charter.\u00a0 The Security Council consists of 5 &#8212; 15 members, 5 permanent and 10 rotating members.<\/p>\n<p>The secretary-general is selected by the General Assembly and heads up the U.N. Secretariat.\u00a0 The international secretariat is administered in part and makes reports and recommendations to the General Assembly and Security Council.<\/p>\n<p>The International Court of Justice is the court body.\u00a0 The Trusteeship Council should no longer function.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Agencies_of_UN\"><\/span>Agencies of UN<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The United Nations system includes agencies dealing with a range of economic and social issues, which have entered into agreements with the U.N. Some are U.N. specialized agencies.\u00a0 There are autonomous agencies working with the U.N. through the coordinating machinery of ECOSOC and which receive executive support or coordination at secretariat levels.\u00a0 The World Trade Organisation, and International Atomic Energy Agency have entered similar relationships with the U.N.<\/p>\n<p>The United Nations Economic and Social Council is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations, responsible for coordinating the economic and social fields of the organization, specifically in regard to the fifteen specialised agencies, the eight functional commissions, and the five regional commissions under its jurisdiction.ECOSOC serves as the central forum for discussing international economic and social issues and formulating policy recommendations addressed to member states and the United Nations System.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"European_Union\"><\/span>European Union<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The European Union has its own organs, the Commission and the Council.\u00a0 The European Parliament is a quasi-legislative assembly.\u00a0 It has an integral role in making most laws.\u00a0 Those laws are proposed by the European Commission and legislated for by the European Council and the European Parliament. The European Commission is the permanent executive or government.\u00a0 The European Court of Justice interprets European Union laws.<\/p>\n<p>Pan-European Union laws are directly effective and bind states and persons directly.\u00a0 Other laws are made by way of directives which are binding on the states.\u00a0 States most translate directives into their domestic law. The Commission makes decisions collectively, although each commissioner is responsible for a specific activity or area of government.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"EU_Institutions\"><\/span>EU Institutions<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The Council is the main decision-making party.\u00a0 It adopts legislation in conjunction with the parliament, adopts budgets and international agreements, and coordinates with economic policy. The Council is made up of Ministers from each state.\u00a0 Each minister reports to his government.<\/p>\n<p>Councils of Ministers of General Affairs, External Relations. Economic and Financial Affairs, Agriculture and Fisheries Councils meet monthly.\u00a0 Justice and Home Affairs, Environmental Council, Employment Social Policy, Health and Consumer Affairs, Competitiveness, Transport, Telecommunications and Energy Ministers periodically.<\/p>\n<p>The European Parliament is directly elected and has 786 members.\u00a0 It has three main roles.\u00a0 It oversees all the EU legislation.\u00a0 It shares law-making power with the Council.\u00a0 It determines the annual budget in conjunction with the Council.<\/p>\n<p>It can appoint, dismiss and censure the Commission.\u00a0 It may ask questions of the Commission.\u00a0 Most legislation is made by co-decision.\u00a0 In the case of certain legislation, parliament may only veto it.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"EU_Courts_I\"><\/span>EU Courts I<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The Court of Justice of the European is an independent body composed of 27 judges and 8 Advocates General.\u00a0 The Advocates Generals assist the court in carrying out functions.<\/p>\n<p>The General Court is made up of two judges from each Member State. The judges are appointed by common accord of the governments of the Member States after consultation of a panel responsible for giving an opinion on candidates\\&#8217; suitability to perform the duties of Judge.<\/p>\n<p>Their term of office is six years and is renewable. They appoint their President, for a period of three years, from amongst themselves. They appoint a Registrar for a term of office of six years.<\/p>\n<p>The Judges are to\u00a0 perform their duties in a totally impartial and independent manner.\u00a0Unlike the Court of Justice, the General Court does not have permanent Advocates General. However, that task may, in exceptional circumstances, be carried out by a Judge.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"EU_Courts_II\"><\/span>EU Courts II<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Cases before the General Court are heard by Chambers of five or three Judges or, in some cases, as a single Judge. It may also sit as a Grand Chamber (fifteen Judges) when this is justified by the legal complexity or importance of the case.<\/p>\n<p>The Presidents of the Chambers of five Judges are elected from amongst the Judges for a period of three years. The General Court has its own Registry but uses the administrative and linguistic services of the institution for its other requirements.<\/p>\n<p>The judges sit in chambers of three or five judges or in plenary sessions.\u00a0 It hears contentious cases of preliminary rulings from courts in member state courts on points of European Union law.<\/p>\n<p>It hears appeals from the court of first instance, complaints made by the Commission against states for failure to comply with European Union law, complaints by member states against an institution for failure to act or injuries caused, actions brought by a member state Council, Commission, or Parliament seeking annulment of EU measures.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Legal_Organisations\"><\/span>Legal Organisations<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>There are a number of types of international government law organizations.\u00a0 Some have general competence across a range of fields, such as the United Nations.<\/p>\n<p>Others are specialized, dealing with particular fields.\u00a0 Examples include international criminal peace organizations, Interpol, the International Institution for Unification of Private Law, UNIDROIT.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Free_Trade_Areas\"><\/span>Free Trade Areas<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>A number of regional free trade areas have been established to provide customs unions and provide for free trade.\u00a0 These include the<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>European Union<\/li>\n<li>Association of South-East Asian Nations Free Trade Area, NAFTA.<\/li>\n<li>Andean Community powers, Bolivia, Libya, Columbia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela,<\/li>\n<li>Central American Integration Systems, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua.<\/li>\n<li>Caribbean Community, Antigua, Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Montserrat, Saint Vincent\u2019s.<\/li>\n<li>Common Market for Eastern and South Africa;<\/li>\n<li>Economic Community of Central African states;<\/li>\n<li>Economic Community of West African states;<\/li>\n<li>South African Customs Union;<\/li>\n<li>South African Development Community;<\/li>\n<li>Central African Customs and Economic Area;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!--nextpage--><\/p>\n<h2>CRIMINAL JUSTICE (SAFETY OF UNITED NATIONS WORKERS) ACT, 2000<\/h2>\n<p>AN ACT TO GIVE EFFECT TO THE CONVENTION ON THE SAFETY OF UNITED NATIONS AND ASSOCIATED PERSONNEL DONE AT NEW YORK ON THE 9TH DAY OF DECEMBER, 1994, AND FOR THAT PURPOSE TO AMEND CERTAIN ENACTMENTS AND TO PROVIDE FOR RELATED MATTERS. [28th June, 2000]<\/p>\n<p>BE IT ENACTED BY THE OIREACHTAS AS FOLLOWS:<\/p>\n<h4>Interpretation.<\/h4>\n<p>1.\u2014(1) In this Act, except where the context otherwise requires\u2014<\/p>\n<p>\u201cact\u201d includes omission and a reference to the doing of an act includes a reference to the making of an omission;<\/p>\n<p>\u201cthe Act of 1965\u201d means the Extradition Act, 1965 ;<\/p>\n<p>\u201cthe Act of 2000\u201d means the Criminal Justice (United Nations Convention against Torture) Act, 2000 ;<\/p>\n<p>\u201cthe Convention\u201d means the Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel done at New York on the 9th day of December, 1994, the text of which, in the English language, is, for convenience of reference, set out in the First Schedule to the Act;<\/p>\n<p>\u201cspecialised agency\u201d has the meaning assigned to it by Article 57 of the Charter of the United Nations;<\/p>\n<p>\u201cUnited Nations operation\u201d means an operation established by the competent organ of the United Nations in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and conducted under United Nations authority and control where\u2014<\/p>\n<p>(a) the operation is for the purpose of maintaining or restoring international peace and security, or<\/p>\n<p>(b) the Security Council or the General Assembly has declared, for the purposes of the Convention, that there exists an exceptional risk to the safety of the personnel participating in the operation,but does not include a United Nations operation authorised by the Security Council as an enforcement action under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations in which any of the personnel are engaged as combatants against organised armed forces and to which the law of international armed conflict applies;<\/p>\n<p>a \u201cUnited Nations worker\u201d means a person who, in relation to an alleged offence, at the time of the alleged offence\u2014<\/p>\n<p>(a) is engaged or deployed by the Secretary-General of the United Nations as a member of the military, police or civilian component of a United Nations operation,<\/p>\n<p>(b) is, in his or her capacity as an official or expert on mission of the United Nations, a specialised agency of the United Nations or the International Atomic Energy Agency, present in an area where a United Nations operation is being conducted,<\/p>\n<p>(c) is assigned, with the agreement of the competent organ of the United Nations, by a Government or intergovernmental organisation to carry out activities in support of the fulfilment of the mandate of a United Nations operation,<\/p>\n<p>(d) is engaged by the Secretary-General of the United Nations or by a specialised agency or by the International Atomic Energy Agency to carry out such activities, or<\/p>\n<p>(e) is deployed by a humanitarian non-governmental organisation or agency under an agreement with the Secretary-General of the United Nations or with a specialised agency or with the International Atomic Energy Agency to carry out such activities.<\/p>\n<p>(2) In any proceedings under this Act, where a question arises as to whether\u2014<\/p>\n<p>(a) a person is or was a United Nations worker, or<\/p>\n<p>(b) an operation is or was a United Nations operation,<\/p>\n<p>a certificate signed by, or by a person authorised by, the Minister for Foreign Affairs and stating any fact relating to the question shall be evidence of that fact.<\/p>\n<p>(3) In this Act\u2014<\/p>\n<p>(a) a reference to any enactment shall, unless the context otherwise requires, be construed as a reference to that enactment as amended or extended by or under any subsequent enactment including this Act,<\/p>\n<p>(b) a reference to a section or Schedule is a reference to a section or Schedule of this Act unless it is indicated that reference to some other enactment is intended,<\/p>\n<p>(c) a reference to a subsection, paragraph or subparagraph is a reference to the subsection, paragraph or subparagraph of the provision in which the reference occurs unless it is indicated that reference to some other provision is intended.<\/p>\n<p>Offences against United Nations workers.<\/p>\n<p>2.\u2014Where a person does outside the State an act to, or in relation to, a United Nations worker that, if done in the State, would constitute an offence specified in Part I of the Second Schedule , he or she shall be guilty of an offence and liable on conviction to the penalty to which he or she would have been liable if he or she had done the act in the State.<\/p>\n<h4>Offences in connection with premises or vehicles of United Nations workers.<\/h4>\n<p>3.\u2014(1) Where a person does outside the State an act in connection with an attack on a premises or vehicle that, if done in the State, would constitute an offence specified in Part II of the Second Schedule , he or she shall be guilty of an offence and liable on conviction to the penalty to which he or she would have been liable if he or she had done the act in the State.<\/p>\n<p>(2) In this section\u2014<\/p>\n<p>\u201cpremises\u201d means the official premises or private accommodation of a United Nations worker, and<\/p>\n<p>\u201cvehicle\u201d means any means of transportation of a United Nations worker.<\/p>\n<h4>Related offences.<\/h4>\n<p>4.\u2014(1) Where a person in or outside the State contravenes subsection (2), he or she shall be guilty of an offence.<\/p>\n<p>(2) A person contravenes this subsection if, in order to compel a person to do or to refrain from doing any act, he or she\u2014<\/p>\n<p>(a) makes a threat to commit an act which is an offence under section 2 or 3, and<\/p>\n<p>(b) intends that the person to whom he or she makes the threat shall fear that it will be carried out.<\/p>\n<p>(3) A person guilty of an offence under this section shall be liable on conviction to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 10 years.<\/p>\n<h4>Proceedings under Act.<\/h4>\n<p>5.\u2014(1) Where a person is charged with an offence under this Act, no further proceedings in the matter (other than any remand in custody or on bail) shall be taken except by or with the consent of the Director of Public Prosecutions.<\/p>\n<p>(2) No proceedings shall be taken under section 38 of the Act of 1965 in respect of an act that constitutes an offence by virtue of that section and also an offence under this Act.<\/p>\n<p>(3) For the purpose of the exercise of jurisdiction, in relation to an offence under this Act, by any court of competent jurisdiction the act constituting the offence shall be deemed to have been committed within the area of the Dublin Metropolitan District.<\/p>\n<h4>Amendment of Defence Act, 1954.<\/h4>\n<p>6.\u2014The Defence Act, 1954 , is hereby amended\u2014<\/p>\n<p>(a) in section 169, by the insertion in subsection (3) after paragraph (dd) of the following:<\/p>\n<p>\u201c(ddd) if he or she is convicted of an offence under the Criminal Justice (Safety of United Nations Workers) Act, 2000, be liable either to suffer any punishment assigned for such offence by that Act or any less punishment awardable by a court-martial.\u201d,<\/p>\n<p>and<\/p>\n<p>(b) in section 192, by\u2014<\/p>\n<p>(i) the insertion in subsection (2)(c) after \u201cor an offence under the Criminal Justice (United Nations Convention against Torture) Act, 2000 \u201d of \u201cor an offence under the Criminal Justice (Safety of United Nations Workers) Act, 2000\u201d, and<\/p>\n<p>(ii) the insertion in subsection (3) after \u201can offence under the Criminal Justice (United Nations Convention against Torture) Act, 2000 \u201d of \u201can offence under theCriminal Justice (Safety of United Nations Workers) Act, 2000,\u201d.<\/p>\n<h4>Amendment of Criminal Procedure Act, 1967.<\/h4>\n<p>7.\u2014The Criminal Procedure Act, 1967 , is hereby amended\u2014<\/p>\n<p>(a) in section 13(1) by the insertion after \u201can offence under the Criminal Justice (United Nations Convention against Torture) Act, 2000 ,\u201d (inserted by section 8 of the Act of 2000) of \u201cthe offence of murder under section 2 of the Criminal Justice (Safety of United Nations Workers) Act, 2000, or an attempt or conspiracy to commit that offence,\u201d, and<\/p>\n<p>(b) in section 29(1) by the insertion after paragraph (h) (inserted by section 8 of the Act of 2000) of the following:<\/p>\n<p>\u201c(i) the offence of murder under section 2 of the Criminal Justice (Safety of United Nations Workers) Act, 2000, or an attempt or conspiracy to commit that offence.\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>Amendment of Schedule to Extradition (Amendment) Act, 1994.<\/p>\n<p>8.\u2014The First Schedule to the Extradition (Amendment) Act, 1994 , is hereby amended by the insertion after paragraph 6A of the following:<\/p>\n<p>\u201c6B. Any offence under the Criminal Justice (Safety of United Nations Workers) Act, 2000\u201d.<\/p>\n<h4>Amendment of Schedule to Bail Act, 1997.<\/h4>\n<p>9.\u2014The Schedule to the Bail Act, 1997 , is hereby amended by the insertion after paragraph 31 of the following paragraph:<\/p>\n<p>\u201cOffences against United Nations workers<\/p>\n<p>32. Any offence under the Criminal Justice (Safety of United Nations Workers) Act, 2000.\u201d.<\/p>\n<h4>Double jeopardy.<\/h4>\n<p>10.\u2014Where a person has been acquitted or convicted, in a place other than the State, of an offence, that person shall not be proceeded against for an offence under this Act, in respect of the act constituting the first-mentioned offence.<\/p>\n<p>Expenses.<\/p>\n<p>11.\u2014The expenses incurred in the administration of this Act shall, to such extent as may be sanctioned by the Minister for Finance, be paid out of moneys provided by the Oireachtas.<\/p>\n<p>Short title.<\/p>\n<p>12.\u2014This Act may be cited as the Criminal Justice (Safety of United Nations Workers) Act, 2000.<\/p>\n<p>FIRST SCHEDULE<\/p>\n<h2>Convention On The Safety Of United Nations And Associated Personnel<\/h2>\n<p>Section 1 .<\/p>\n<p>The States Parties to this Convention,<\/p>\n<p>Deeply concerned over the growing number of deaths and injuries resulting from deliberate attacks against United Nations and associated personnel,<\/p>\n<p>Bearing in mind that attacks against, or other mistreatment of, personnel who act on behalf of the United Nations are unjustifiable and unacceptable, by whomsoever committed,<\/p>\n<p>Recognising that United Nations operations are conducted in the common interest of the international community and in accordance with the principles and purposes of the Charter of the United Nations,<\/p>\n<p>Acknowledging the important contribution that United Nations and associated personnel make in respect of United Nations efforts in the fields of preventive diplomacy, peacemaking, peace-keeping, peace-building and humanitarian and other operations,<\/p>\n<p>Conscious of the existing arrangements for ensuring the safety of United Nations and associated personnel, including the steps taken by the principal organs of the United Nations, in this regard,<\/p>\n<p>Recognizing none the less that existing measures of protection for United Nations and associated personnel are inadequate,<\/p>\n<p>Acknowledging that the effectiveness and safety of United Nations operations are enhanced where such operations are conducted with the consent and cooperation of the host State,<\/p>\n<p>Appealing to all States in which United Nations and associated personnel are deployed and to all others on whom such personnel may rely, to provide comprehensive support aimed at facilitating the conduct and fulfilling the mandate of United Nations operations,<\/p>\n<p>Convinced that there is an urgent need to adopt appropriate and effective measures for the prevention of attacks committed against United Nations and associated personnel and for the punishment of those who have committed such attacks,<\/p>\n<p>Have agreed as follows:<\/p>\n<p>Article 1<\/p>\n<p>Definitions<\/p>\n<p>For the purposes of this Convention:<\/p>\n<p>(a) \u201cUnited Nations personnel\u201d means:<\/p>\n<p>(i) Persons engaged or deployed by the Secretary-General of the United Nations as members of the military, police or civilian components of a United Nations operation;<\/p>\n<p>(ii) Other officials and experts on mission of the United Nations or its specialized agencies or the International Atomic Energy Agency who are present in an official capacity in the area where a United Nations operation is being conducted;<\/p>\n<p>(b) \u201cAssociated personnel\u201d means:<\/p>\n<p>(i) Persons assigned by a Government or an intergovernmental organization with the agreement of the competent organ of the United Nations;<\/p>\n<p>(ii) Persons engaged by the Secretary-General of the United Nations or by a specialized agency or by the International Atomic Energy Agency;<\/p>\n<p>(iii) Persons deployed by a humanitarian non-governmental organization or agency under an agreement with the Secretary-General of the United Nations or with a specialized agency or with the International Atomic Energy Agency,<\/p>\n<p>to carry out activities in support of the fulfilment of the mandate of a United Nations operation:<\/p>\n<p>(c) \u201cUnited Nations operation\u201d means an operation established by the competent organ of the United Nations in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and conducted under United Nations authority and control:<\/p>\n<p>(i) Where the operation is for the purpose of maintaining or restoring international peace and security; or<\/p>\n<p>(ii) Where the Security Council or the General Assembly has declared, for the purposes of this Convention, that there exists an exceptional risk to the safety of the personnel participating in the operation;<\/p>\n<p>(d) \u201cHost State\u201d means a State in whose territory a United Nations operation is conducted;<\/p>\n<p>(e) \u201cTransit State\u201d means a State, other than the host State, in whose territory United Nations and associated personnel or their equipment are in transit or temporarily present in connection with a United Nations operation.<\/p>\n<p>Article 2<\/p>\n<p>Scope of application<\/p>\n<p>1. This Convention applies in respect of United Nations and associated personnel and United Nations operations, as defined in article 1.<\/p>\n<p>2. This Convention shall not apply to a United Nations operation authorized by the Security Council as an enforcement action under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations in which any of the personnel are engaged as combatants against organized armed forces and to which the law of international armed conflict applies.<\/p>\n<p>Article 3<\/p>\n<p>Identification<\/p>\n<p>1. The military and police components of a United Nations operation and their vehicles, vessels and aircraft shall bear distinctive identification. Other personnel, vehicles, vessels and aircraft involved in the United Nations operation shall be appropriately identified unless otherwise decided by the Secretary-General of the United Nations.<\/p>\n<p>2. All United Nations and associated personnel shall carry appropriate identification documents.<\/p>\n<p>Article 4<\/p>\n<p>Agreements on the status of the operation<\/p>\n<p>The host State and the United Nations shall conclude as soon as possible an agreement on the status of the United Nations operation and all personnel engaged in the operation including, inter alia, provisions on privileges and immunities for military and police components of the operation.<\/p>\n<p>Article 5<\/p>\n<p>Transit<\/p>\n<p>A transit State shall facilitate the unimpeded transit of United Nations and associated personnel and their equipment to and from the host State.<\/p>\n<p>Article 6<\/p>\n<p>Respect for laws and regulations<\/p>\n<p>1. Without prejudice to such privileges and immunities as they may enjoy or to the requirements of their duties, United Nations and associated personnel shall:<\/p>\n<p>(a) Respect the laws and regulations of the host State and the transit State; and<\/p>\n<p>(b) Refrain from any action or activity incompatible with the impartial and international nature of their duties.<\/p>\n<p>2. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall take all appropriate measures to ensure the observance of these obligations.<\/p>\n<p>Article 7<\/p>\n<p>Duty to ensure the safety and security of United Nations and associated personnel<\/p>\n<p>1. United Nations and associated personnel, their equipment and premises shall not be made the object of attack or of any action that prevents them from discharging their mandate.<\/p>\n<p>2. States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to ensure the safety and security of United Nations and associated personnel. In particular, States Parties shall take all appropriate steps to protect United Nations and associated personnel who are deployed in their territory from the crimes set out in article 9.<\/p>\n<p>3. States Parties shall cooperate with the United Nations and other States Parties, as appropriate, in the implementation of this Convention, particularly in any case where the host State is unable itself to take the required measures.<\/p>\n<p>Article 8<\/p>\n<p>Duty to release or return United Nations and associated personnel captured or detained<\/p>\n<p>Except as otherwise provided in an applicable status-of-forces agreement, if United Nations or associated personnel are captured or detained in the course of the performance of their duties and their identification has been established, they shall not be subjected to interrogation and they shall be promptly released and returned to United Nations or other appropriate authorities. Pending their release such personnel shall be treated in accordance with universally recognized standards of human rights and the principles and spirit of the Geneva Conventions of 1949.<\/p>\n<p>Article 9<\/p>\n<p>Crimes against United Nations and associated personnel<\/p>\n<p>1. The intentional commission of:<\/p>\n<p>(a) A murder, kidnapping or other attack upon the person or liberty of any United Nations or associated personnel;<\/p>\n<p>(b) A violent attack upon the official premises, the private accommodation or the means of transportation of any United Nations or associated personnel likely to endanger his or her person or liberty;<\/p>\n<p>(c) A threat to commit any such attack with the objective of compelling a physical or juridical person to do or to refrain from doing any act;<\/p>\n<p>(d) An attempt to commit any such attack; and<\/p>\n<p>(e) An act constituting participation as an accomplice in any such attack, or in an attempt to commit such attack, or in organizing or ordering others to commit such attack,<\/p>\n<p>shall be made by each State Party a crime under its national law.<\/p>\n<p>2. Each State Party shall make the crimes set out in paragraph 1 punishable by appropriate penalties which shall take into account their grave nature.<\/p>\n<p>Article 10<\/p>\n<p>Establishment of jurisdiction<\/p>\n<p>1. Each State Party shall take such measures as may be necessary to establish its jurisdiction over the crimes set out in article 9 in the following cases:<\/p>\n<p>(a) When the crime is committed in the territory of that State or on board a ship or aircraft registered in that State;<\/p>\n<p>(b) When the alleged offender is a national of that State.<\/p>\n<p>2. A State Party may also establish its jurisdiction over any such crime when it is committed:<\/p>\n<p>(a) By a stateless person whose habitual residence is in that State; or<\/p>\n<p>(b) With respect to a national of that State; or<\/p>\n<p>(c) In an attempt to compel that State to do or to abstain from doing any act.<\/p>\n<p>3. Any State Party which has established jurisdiction as mentioned in paragraph 2 shall notify the Secretary-General of the United Nations. If such State Party subsequently rescinds that jurisdiction, it shall notify the Secretary-General of the United Nations.<\/p>\n<p>4. Each State Party shall take such measures as may be necessary to establish its jurisdiction over the crimes set out in article 9 in cases where the alleged offender is present in its territory and it does not extradite such person pursuant to article 15 to any of the States Parties which have established their jurisdiction in accordance with paragraph 1 or 2.<\/p>\n<p>5. This Convention does not exclude any criminal jurisdiction exercised in accordance with national law.<\/p>\n<p>Article 11<\/p>\n<p>Prevention of crimes against United Nations and associated personnel<\/p>\n<p>States Parties shall cooperate in the prevention of the crimes set out in article 9, particularly by:<\/p>\n<p>(a) Taking all practicable measures to prevent preparations in their respective territories for the commission of those crimes within or outside their territories; and<\/p>\n<p>(b) Exchanging information in accordance with their national law and coordinating the taking of administrative and other measures as appropriate to prevent the commission of those crimes.<\/p>\n<p>Article 12<\/p>\n<p>Communication of information<\/p>\n<p>1. Under the conditions provided for in its national law, the State Party in whose territory a crime set out in article 9 has been committed shall, if it has reason to believe that an alleged offender has fled from its territory, communicate to the Secretary-General of the United Nations and, directly or through the Secretary-General, to the State or States concerned all the pertinent facts regarding the crime committed and all available information regarding the identity of the alleged offender.<\/p>\n<p>2. Whenever a crime set out in article 9 has been committed, any State Party which has information concerning the victim and circumstances of the crime shall endeavour to transmit such information, under the conditions provided for in its national law, fully and promptly to the Secretary-General of the United Nations and the State or States concerned.<\/p>\n<p>Article 13<\/p>\n<p>Measures to ensure prosecution or extradition<\/p>\n<p>1. Where the circumstances so warrant, the State Party in whose territory the alleged offender is present shall take the appropriate measures under its national law to ensure that person&#8217;s presence for the purpose of prosecution or extradition.<\/p>\n<p>2. Measures taken in accordance with paragraph 1 shall be notified, in conformity with national law and without delay, to the Secretary-General of the United Nations and, either directly or through the Secretary-General, to:<\/p>\n<p>(a) The State where the crime was committed;<\/p>\n<p>(b) The State or States of which the alleged offender is a national or, if such person is a stateless person, in whose territory that person has his or her habitual residence;<\/p>\n<p>(c) The State or States of which the victim is a national; and<\/p>\n<p>(d) Other interested States.<\/p>\n<p>Article 14<\/p>\n<p>Prosecution of alleged offenders<\/p>\n<p>The State Party in whose territory the alleged offender is present shall, if it does not extradite that person, submit, without exception whatsoever and without undue delay, the case to its competent authorities for the purpose of prosecution, through proceedings in accordance with the law of that State. Those authorities shall take their decision in the same manner as in the case of an ordinary offence of a grave nature under the law of that State.<\/p>\n<p>Article 15<\/p>\n<p>Extradition of alleged offenders<\/p>\n<p>1. To the extent that the crimes set out in article 9 are not extraditable offences in any extradition treaty existing between States Parties, they shall be deemed to be included as such therein. States Parties undertake to include those crimes as extraditable offences in every extradition treaty to be concluded between them.<\/p>\n<p>2. If a State Party which makes extradition conditional on the existence of a treaty receives a request for extradition from another State Party with which it has no extradition treaty, it may at its option consider this Convention as the legal basis for extradition in respect of those crimes. Extradition shall be subject to the conditions provided in the law of the requested State.<\/p>\n<p>3. States Parties which do not make extradition conditional on the existence of a treaty shall recognise those crimes as extraditable offences between themselves subject to the conditions provided in the law of the requested State.<\/p>\n<p>4. Each of those crimes shall be treated, for the purposes of extradition between States Parties, as if it had been committed not only in the place in which it occurred but also in the territories of the States Parties which have established their jurisdiction in accordance with paragraph 1 or 2 of article 10.<\/p>\n<p>Article 16<\/p>\n<p>Mutual assistance in criminal matters<\/p>\n<p>1. States Parties shall afford one another the greatest measure of assistance in connection with criminal proceedings brought in respect of the crimes set out in article 9, including assistance in obtaining evidence at their disposal necessary for the proceedings. The law of the requested State shall apply in all cases.<\/p>\n<p>2. The provisions of paragraph 1 shall not affect obligations concerning mutual assistance embodied in any other treaty.<\/p>\n<p>Article 17<\/p>\n<p>Fair treatment<\/p>\n<p>1. Any person regarding whom investigations or proceedings are being carried out in connection with any of the crimes set out in article 9 shall be guaranteed fair treatment, a fair trial and full protection of his or her rights at all stages of the investigations or proceedings.<\/p>\n<p>2. Any alleged offender shall be entitled:<\/p>\n<p>(a) To communicate without delay with the nearest appropriate representative of the State or States of which such person is a national or which is otherwise entitled to protect that person&#8217;s rights or, if such person is a stateless person, of the State which, at that person&#8217;s request, is willing to protect that person&#8217;s rights; and<\/p>\n<p>(b) To be visited by a representative of that State or those States.<\/p>\n<p>Article 18<\/p>\n<p>Notification of outcome of proceedings<\/p>\n<p>The State Party where an alleged offender is prosecuted shall communicate the final outcome of the proceedings to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, who shall transmit the information to other States Parties.<\/p>\n<p>Article 19<\/p>\n<p>Dissemination<\/p>\n<p>The States Parties undertake to disseminate this Convention as widely as possible and, in particular, to include the study thereof, as well as relevant provisions of international humanitarian law, in their programmes of military instruction.<\/p>\n<p>Article 20<\/p>\n<p>Savings clauses<\/p>\n<p>Nothing in this Convention shall affect:<\/p>\n<p>(a) The applicability of international humanitarian law and universally recognised standards of human rights as contained in international instruments in relation to the protection of United Nations operations and United Nations and associated personnel or the responsibility of such personnel to respect such law and standards;<\/p>\n<p>(b) The rights and obligations of States, consistent with the Charter of the United Nations, regarding the consent to entry of persons into their territories;<\/p>\n<p>(c) The obligation of United Nations and associated personnel to act in accordance with the terms of the mandate of a United Nations operation;<\/p>\n<p>(d) The right of States which voluntarily contribute personnel to a United Nations operation to withdraw their personnel from participation in such operation; or<\/p>\n<p>(e) The entitlement to appropriate compensation payable in the event of death, disability, injury or illness attributable to peace-keeping service by persons voluntarily contributed by States to United Nations operations.<\/p>\n<p>Article 21<\/p>\n<p>Right of self-defence<\/p>\n<p>Nothing in this Convention shall be construed so as to derogate from the right to act in self-defence.<\/p>\n<p>Article 22<\/p>\n<p>Dispute settlement<\/p>\n<p>1. Any dispute between two or more States Parties concerning the interpretation or application of this Convention which is not settled by negotiation shall, at the request of one of them, be submitted to arbitration. If within six months from the date of the request for arbitration the parties are unable to agree on the organization of the arbitration, any one of those parties may refer the dispute to the International Court of Justice by application in conformity with the Statute of the Court.<\/p>\n<p>2. Each State Party may at the time of signature, ratification, acceptance or approval of this Convention or accession thereto declare that it does not consider itself bound by all or part of paragraph 1. The other States Parties shall not be bound by paragraph 1 or the relevant part thereof with respect to any State Party which has made such a reservation.<\/p>\n<p>3. Any State Party which has made a reservation in accordance with paragraph 2 may at any time withdraw that reservation by notification to the Secretary-General of the United Nations.<\/p>\n<p>Article 23<\/p>\n<p>Review meetings<\/p>\n<p>At the request of one or more States Parties, and if approved by a majority of States Parties, the Secretary-General of the United Nations shall convene a meeting of the States Parties to review the implementation of the Convention, and any problems encountered with regard to its application.<\/p>\n<p>Article 24<\/p>\n<p>Signature<\/p>\n<p>This Convention shall be open for signature by all States, until 31 December 1995, at United Nations Headquarters in New York.<\/p>\n<p>Article 25<\/p>\n<p>Ratification, acceptance or approval<\/p>\n<p>This Convention is subject to ratification, acceptance or approval. Instruments of ratification, acceptance or approval shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.<\/p>\n<p>Article 26<\/p>\n<p>Accession<\/p>\n<p>This Convention shall be open for accession by any State. The instruments of accession shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.<\/p>\n<p>Article 27<\/p>\n<p>Entry into force<\/p>\n<p>1. This Convention shall enter into force thirty days after twenty-two instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession have been deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.<\/p>\n<p>2. For each State ratifying, accepting, approving or acceding to the Convention after the deposit of the twenty-second instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, the Convention shall enter into force on the thirtieth day after the deposit by such State of its instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession.<\/p>\n<p>Article 28<\/p>\n<p>Denunciation<\/p>\n<p>1. A State Party may denounce this Convention by written notification to the Secretary-General of the United Nations.<\/p>\n<p>2. Denunciation shall take effect one year following the date on which notification is received by the Secretary-General of the United Nations.<\/p>\n<p>Article 29<\/p>\n<p>Authentic texts<\/p>\n<p>The original of this Convention, of which the Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish texts are equally authentic, shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations, who shall send certified copies thereof to all States.<\/p>\n<p>SECOND SCHEDULE<\/p>\n<p>Section 2 .<\/p>\n<h4>PART I\u00a0Common law offences<\/h4>\n<p>1. Murder.<\/p>\n<p>2. Manslaughter.<\/p>\n<p>3. Rape.<\/p>\n<p>Non-fatal offences<\/p>\n<p>4. Any offence under the following provisions of the Non-Fatal Offences against the Person Act, 1997 \u2014<\/p>\n<p>(a) section 2 (assault);<\/p>\n<p>(b) section 3 (assault causing harm);<\/p>\n<p>(c) section 4 (assault causing serious harm);<\/p>\n<p>(d) section 5 (threats to kill or cause serious harm);<\/p>\n<p>(e) section 12 (poisoning);<\/p>\n<p>(f) section 13 (endangerment);<\/p>\n<p>(g) section 15 (false imprisonment).<\/p>\n<p>Sexual offences<\/p>\n<p>5. Any offence under the following provisions of the Criminal Law (Rape) (Amendment) Act, 1990 \u2014<\/p>\n<p>(a) section 2 (sexual assault);<\/p>\n<p>(b) section 3 (aggravated sexual assault);<\/p>\n<p>(c) section 4 (rape under section 4).<\/p>\n<p>Explosives<\/p>\n<p>6. Any offence under section 2 (causing explosion likely to endanger life or damage property) of the Explosive Substances Act, 1883 .<\/p>\n<h4>PART II other Offences<\/h4>\n<p>Section 3.<\/p>\n<p>Explosives<\/p>\n<p>1. Any offence under section 2 (causing explosion likely to endanger life or damage property) of the Explosive Substances Act, 1883 .<\/p>\n<p>Criminal damage<\/p>\n<p>2. Any offence under the following provisions of the Criminal Damage Act, 1991 \u2014<\/p>\n<p>(a) section 2 (damaging property);<\/p>\n<p>(b) section 3 (threat to damage property);<\/p>\n<p>(c) section 4 (possessing any thing with intent to damage property).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<!--themify_builder_content-->\n<div id=\"themify_builder_content-10436\" data-postid=\"10436\" class=\"themify_builder_content themify_builder_content-10436 themify_builder tf_clear\">\n    <\/div>\n<!--\/themify_builder_content-->\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>United Nations Intergovernmental organizations are permanent organisations set up by states to carry out activities in common.\u00a0 The United Nations was set up for the purpose of the maintenance of peace, and security in the world, the promotion of economic and social cooperation and the protection of human rights.\u00a0 Almost every country in the world [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[143],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10436"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10436"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10436\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":33423,"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10436\/revisions\/33423"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10436"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10436"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10436"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}