{"id":1082,"date":"2021-07-03T22:13:18","date_gmt":"2021-07-03T22:13:18","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/legalblog.ie\/?p=1082"},"modified":"2024-03-19T08:08:24","modified_gmt":"2024-03-19T08:08:24","slug":"1082-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/1082-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Assaults"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_63 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/1082-2\/#Non-Fatal_Offences_Against_the_Person\" title=\"Non-Fatal Offences Against the Person\">Non-Fatal Offences Against the Person<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/1082-2\/#Requirements_for_Assault\" title=\"Requirements for Assault\">Requirements for Assault<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/1082-2\/#Ordinary_Assault\" title=\"Ordinary Assault\">Ordinary Assault<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/1082-2\/#Force\" title=\"Force\">Force<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/1082-2\/#Assault_without_Physical_Impact\" title=\"Assault without Physical Impact\">Assault without Physical Impact<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/1082-2\/#Assault_Causing_Harm\" title=\"Assault Causing Harm\">Assault Causing Harm<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/1082-2\/#Non-fatal_strangulation_or_non-fatal_suffocation\" title=\"Non-fatal strangulation or non-fatal suffocation\">Non-fatal strangulation or non-fatal suffocation<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/1082-2\/2\/#NON-FATAL_OFFENCES_AGAINST_THE_PERSON_ACT_1997\" title=\"NON-FATAL OFFENCES AGAINST THE PERSON ACT 1997\">NON-FATAL OFFENCES AGAINST THE PERSON ACT 1997<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/1082-2\/2\/#Interpretation\" title=\"Interpretation.\">Interpretation.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/1082-2\/2\/#Assault\" title=\"Assault.\">Assault.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/1082-2\/2\/#Assault_causing_harm\" title=\"Assault causing harm.\">Assault causing harm.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/1082-2\/2\/#Non-fatal_strangulation_or_non-fatal_suffocation-2\" title=\"Non-fatal strangulation or non-fatal suffocation\">Non-fatal strangulation or non-fatal suffocation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/1082-2\/2\/#Causing_serious_harm\" title=\"Causing serious harm.\">Causing serious harm.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/1082-2\/2\/#Non-fatal_strangulation_or_non-fatal_suffocation_causing_serious_harm\" title=\"Non-fatal strangulation or non-fatal suffocation causing serious harm\">Non-fatal strangulation or non-fatal suffocation causing serious harm<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/1082-2\/2\/#Threats_to_kill_or_cause_serious_harm\" title=\"Threats to kill or cause serious harm.\">Threats to kill or cause serious harm.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/1082-2\/2\/#Syringe_etc_attacks\" title=\"Syringe, etc., attacks.\">Syringe, etc., attacks.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/1082-2\/2\/#Offence_of_possession_of_syringe_etc_in_certain_circumstances_and_seizure_thereof_by_member_of_Garda_Siochana\" title=\"Offence of possession of syringe, etc., in certain circumstances and seizure thereof by member of Garda S\u00edoch\u00e1na.\">Offence of possession of syringe, etc., in certain circumstances and seizure thereof by member of Garda S\u00edoch\u00e1na.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/1082-2\/2\/#Placing_or_abandoning_syringe\" title=\"Placing or abandoning syringe.\">Placing or abandoning syringe.<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/1082-2\/2\/#Poisoning\" title=\"Poisoning.\">Poisoning.<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/1082-2\/2\/#Abolition_of_common_law_offences_of_assault_and_battery_kidnapping_and_false_imprisonment\" title=\"Abolition of common law offences of assault and battery, kidnapping and false imprisonment.\">Abolition of common law offences of assault and battery, kidnapping and false imprisonment.<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/1082-2\/2\/#CRIMINAL_JUSTICE_PUBLIC_ORDER_ACT_1994\" title=\"CRIMINAL JUSTICE (PUBLIC ORDER) ACT 1994\">CRIMINAL JUSTICE (PUBLIC ORDER) ACT 1994<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/1082-2\/2\/#Assault_with_intent_to_cause_bodily_harm_or_commit_indictable_offence\" title=\"Assault with intent to cause bodily harm or commit indictable offence.\">Assault with intent to cause bodily harm or commit indictable offence.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/1082-2\/2\/#Assault_or_obstruction_of_peace_officer\" title=\"Assault or obstruction of peace officer.\">Assault or obstruction of peace officer.<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Non-Fatal_Offences_Against_the_Person\"><\/span>Non-Fatal Offences Against the Person<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The Non-Fatal Offence against the \u00a0Person Act 1997 modernise law in relation to non-fatal offences against a person.\u00a0 Many common law crimes were abolished and replaced with statutory crimes.<\/p>\n<p>The elements of the respective crimes are now defined by the statute. The common law immunity for parents, teachers and other persons in loco parentis to use reasonable chastisement was abolished.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Requirements_for_Assault\"><\/span>Requirements for Assault<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Assault must generally comprise an act.\u00a0 An omission will not generally suffice.\u00a0 Even if a person accidentally causes a state of affairs, an omission to correct it, does not deem the original application of force to be an assault.<\/p>\n<p>The basic offence of assault is committed where a person without lawful excuse intentionally or recklessly causes another to believe on reasonable grounds, that he or she is likely immediately to be subject directly or indirectly to a force or impact without consent.<\/p>\n<p>Generally, words are not sufficient to constitute assault.\u00a0 However, words, accompanied by some gestures and action may be sufficient. Words may negate an intention to assault. A person by his words may undo the effect of apparently threatening and menacing behaviour.<\/p>\n<p>The modern view appears to be that assault may be committed by words alone.\u00a0 There should be a means or apparent means of carrying out the assault.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ordinary_Assault\"><\/span>Ordinary Assault<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>A person is guilty of assault if he without lawful excuse intentionally or recklessly-<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>directly or indirectly applies forces to or causes an impact on the body of another or causes another to believe on reasonable grounds that he or she is likely immediately to be subjected to any such force or impact<\/li>\n<li>without the consent of the other.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The person must intend the assault or be reckless (i.e. avert to an obvious risk but ignore it) as to whether the assault takes place.<\/p>\n<p>Assault can be direct or indirect. Force includes the application of heat, light, noise, electricity or another form of energy or anything in solid, liquid or gaseous form. An impact involves an action that causes force to be applied to the body of another.<\/p>\n<p>Criminal assault is effectively an amalgam of the civil law of assault and battery. The civil wrong (tort) of assault requires the apprehension of a battery.<\/p>\n<p>Simple assault is the equivalent of the civil wrong (tort) of battery. It committed by the application of the slightest amount of force. It can be committed by without the person concerned being aware. Touching the body includes touching clothes.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Force\"><\/span>Force<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Force may be applied directly or indirectly.\u00a0 The direct application of force would include immediate, personally inflicted violence.\u00a0 It would also include setting a dangerous animal or some other direct act that causes an immediate personal impact.<\/p>\n<p>Indirect assault embraces a range of possibilities. It may arise from something some considerable time before the relevant event. It may for example, involve setting a dangerous device.<\/p>\n<p>Force refers to any physical force but also includes heat, light, electric current noise or another form of energy or the application of something in solid,liquid or gaseous form.<\/p>\n<p>No offence is committed if the force of impact is not intended or likely to cause injury and is in the circumstances such as is generally acceptable in the ordinary conduct of daily life and the defendant does not know or believe that it is, in fact, unacceptable to the other person.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Assault_without_Physical_Impact\"><\/span>Assault without Physical Impact<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The second form of assault is equivalent to the civil wrong of assault. The person must apprehend the immediate infliction of force or impact. In respect of this type of assault, the person must apprehend a possible contact. It does not matter whether the person fears the contact. The question is whether he or she consents. It must be reasonable for the person to apprehend the touching or impact.<\/p>\n<p>The apprehension must be immediate. It must be apprehended within a reasonably short time. General threats made, for example, remotely would not be generally sufficient. An immediate impact of force is required.<\/p>\n<p>Words by themselves may be enough to constitute an assault. A threat may be made which would make a reasonable person fear an immediate physical impact. Actions and gestures may be enough, provided that objectively, they create an apprehension of immediate violence.<\/p>\n<p>Technically any contact without consent constitutes an assault. However, there is some degree of deemed consent to contact, for example, in a crowd or similar other everyday situations. In effect, the consent of others is implied.<\/p>\n<p>The legislation provides that no offence is committed if force or impact not being intended or likely to cause injury, is in the circumstances such as is generally acceptable in the ordinary conduct of daily life and the defendant does not know or believe that it is, in fact, unacceptable to the other persons.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Assault_Causing_Harm\"><\/span>Assault Causing Harm<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;\">The offence of assault causing harm is committed when a person assaults another, causing him or her harm.\u00a0 There is no requirement of intention or recklessness, as in the case of simple assault. Harm includes any harm to the body or mind. \u00a0It includes pain and unconsciousness.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>In order to be guilty of assault causing harm, \u00a0the person must be guilty of ordinary assault and harm as defined in the legislation must have occurred.<\/p>\n<p>Aggravated assault is assault causing harm. It can be prosecuted summarily or on indictment. On summary trial, the maximum penalty is \u20ac1,905 or 12 months imprisonment or both. On conviction on indictment, the maximum penalty is fine or\u00a0 5 years&#8217; imprisonment.<\/p>\n<p>This offence replaced the older offence of assault causing bodily harm under the \u00a0Offences Against the Person Act 1861.\u00a0 Cases under that Act illuminate the meaning of harm.\u00a0 Harm includes most hurts or injuries which interfere with health and comfort.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Non-fatal_strangulation_or_non-fatal_suffocation\"><\/span>Non-fatal strangulation or non-fatal suffocation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>A person shall be guilty of an offence who, without lawful excuse, intentionally or recklessly\u2014<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>strangles or suffocates another, or<\/li>\n<li>causes another to believe on reasonable grounds that he or she is likely immediately to be subjected to suffocation or strangulation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In a prosecution\u00a0 it shall be a defence for the accused to show that the other consented to the strangulation or suffocation of which the offence consists.<\/p>\n<p>A person guilty of an offence\u00a0 shall be liable\u2014<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>on summary conviction, to a class A fine or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 12 months, or to both, or<\/li>\n<li>on conviction on indictment, to a fine or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 10 years, or to both.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>A person charged with an offence\u00a0 if the evidence does not warrant a conviction for that offence but warrants a conviction for assault causing harm, be found guilty of that offence.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>&#8220;strangle&#8221; includes applying, directly or indirectly, force to the neck of another so as to impede breathing or the circulation of blood;<\/li>\n<li>&#8220;suffocate&#8221; includes\u2014 asphyxiating another, and \u00a0impeding the breathing of another, including by\u2014 covering the mouth or nose, \u00a0constricting the chest, or \u00a0blocking, by means of a foreign object, the airways,\u00a0of the other.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><!--nextpage--><\/p>\n<h2>NON-FATAL OFFENCES AGAINST THE PERSON ACT 1997<\/h2>\n<p>REVISED<\/p>\n<p>Updated to 1 November 2023<\/p>\n<p>AN ACT TO REVISE THE LAW RELATING TO THE MAIN NON-FATAL OFFENCES AGAINST THE PERSON AND TO PROVIDE FOR CONNECTED MATTERS. [19th May, 1997]<\/p>\n<p>BE IT ENACTED BY THE OIREACHTAS AS FOLLOWS:<\/p>\n<p>Annotations<\/p>\n<p>Modifications (not altering text):<\/p>\n<p>C1<br \/>\nApplication of Act extended (28.06.2000) by Criminal Justice (Safety of United Nations Workers) Act 2000 (16\/2000), s. 2 and sch. 2, commenced on enactment.<\/p>\n<p>Offences against United Nations workers.<\/p>\n<p>2.\u2014Where a person does outside the State an act to, or in relation to, a United Nations worker that, if done in the State, would constitute an offence specified in Part I of the Second Schedule, he or she shall be guilty of an offence and liable on conviction to the penalty to which he or she would have been liable if he or she had done the act in the State.<\/p>\n<p>&#8230;<\/p>\n<p>SECOND SCHEDULE<\/p>\n<p>Section 2<\/p>\n<p>PART I<\/p>\n<p>&#8230;<\/p>\n<p>Non-fatal offences<\/p>\n<p>4. Any offence under the following provisions of the Non-Fatal Offences against the Person Act, 1997 \u2014<\/p>\n<p>(a) section 2 (assault);<\/p>\n<p>(b) section 3 (assault causing harm);<\/p>\n<p>(c) section 4 (assault causing serious harm);<\/p>\n<p>(d) section 5 (threats to kill or cause serious harm);<\/p>\n<p>(e) section 12 (poisoning);<\/p>\n<p>(f) section 13 (endangerment);<\/p>\n<p>(g) section 15 (false imprisonment).<\/p>\n<p>&#8230;<\/p>\n<p>Editorial Notes:<\/p>\n<p>E1<br \/>\nSome other legislation refers to offences under this Act as disqualifying or potentially disqualifying offences, or as otherwise meriting certain treatment. They include:<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Greyhound Racing Act 2019 (15\/2019), ss. 9, 44<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Criminal Law (Extraterritorial Jurisdiction) Act 2019 (6\/2019), s. 1<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Domestic Violence Act 2018 (6\/2018), s. 40<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 European Union (Passenger Name Record Data) Regulations 2018 (S.I. No. 177 of 2018)<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Criminal Justice (Victims of Crime) Act 2017 (28\/2017), s. 2(1)<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Taxi Regulation Act 2013 (37\/2013), ss. 10, 30, 31 and sch. part 2<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 National Vetting Bureau (Children and Vulnerable Persons) Act 2012 (47\/2012), s. 14A and schs. 2, 3<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Criminal Justice (Withholding of Information on Offences against Children and Vulnerable Persons) Act 2012 (24\/2012), ss. 2, 3 and schs. 1, 2<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Road Safety Authority (Commercial Vehicle Roadworthiness) Act 2012 (16\/2012), s. 12<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Road Transport Act 2011 (31\/2011), s. 2<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Broadcasting Act 2009 (18\/2009), s. 139A and sch. 3<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Criminal Justice Act 2007 (29\/2007), ss. 25, 26 and sch. 2, s. 50<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Criminal Justice Act 2006 (26\/2006), ss. 101 and sch. 3, s. 183<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Criminal Justice (Terrorist Offences) Act 2005 (2\/2005), s. 11 and sch. 6<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Children Act 2001 (24\/2001), ss. 251, 253-257 and sch. 1<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Criminal Justice Act 1993 (6\/1993), s. 5<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Electoral Act 1992 (23\/1992), s. 15E(2)(b)<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Criminal Evidence Act 1992 (12\/1992), s. 12<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Road Traffic Act 1968 (25\/1968), s. 18A and sch. 2<\/p>\n<h4>Interpretation.<\/h4>\n<p>1.\u2014(1) In this Act\u2014<\/p>\n<p>\u201ccontaminated blood\u201d means blood which is contaminated with any disease, virus, agent or organism which if passed into the blood stream of another could infect the other with a life threatening or potentially life threatening disease;<\/p>\n<p>\u201ccontaminated fluid\u201d means fluid or substance which is contaminated with any disease, virus, agent or organism which if passed into the blood stream of another could infect the other with a life threatening or potentially life threatening disease;<\/p>\n<p>\u201ccontaminated syringe\u201d means a syringe which has in it or on it contaminated blood or contaminated fluid;<\/p>\n<p>\u201charm\u201d means harm to body or mind and includes pain and unconsciousness;<\/p>\n<p>\u201cmember of the family\u201d in relation to a person, means the spouse, a child (including step-child or adopted child), grandchild, parent, grandparent, step-parent, brother, sister, half-brother, half-sister, uncle, aunt, nephew or niece of the person or any person cohabiting or residing with him or her;<\/p>\n<p>\u201cproperty\u201d means property of a tangible nature, whether real or personal, including money and animals that are capable of being stolen;<\/p>\n<p>\u201cpublic place\u201d includes any street, seashore, park, land or field, highway and any other premises or place to which at the material time the public have or are permitted to have access, whether on payment or otherwise, and includes any train, vessel, aircraft or vehicle used for the carriage of persons for reward;<\/p>\n<p>\u201cserious harm\u201d means injury which creates a substantial risk of death or which causes serious disfigurement or substantial loss or impairment of the mobility of the body as a whole or of the function of any particular bodily member or organ;<\/p>\n<p>\u201cstreet\u201d includes any road, bridge, lane, footway, subway, square, court, alley or passage, whether a thoroughfare or not, which is for the time being open to the public; and the doorways, entrances and gardens abutting on a street and any ground or car-park adjoining and open to a street, shall be treated as forming part of a street;<\/p>\n<p>\u201csyringe\u201d includes any part of a syringe or a needle or any sharp instrument capable of piercing skin and passing onto or into a person blood or any fluid or substance resembling blood.<\/p>\n<p>(2) For the purposes of sections 17, 18 and 19 it is immaterial whether a belief is justified or not if it is honestly held but the presence or absence of reasonable grounds for the belief is a matter to which the court or the jury is to have regard, in conjunction with any other relevant matters, in considering whether the person honestly held the belief.<\/p>\n<p>(3) In this Act\u2014<\/p>\n<p>(a) a reference to any enactment shall, unless the context otherwise requires, be construed as a reference to that enactment as amended or extended by or under any subsequent enactment including this Act,<\/p>\n<p>(b) a reference to a section is a reference to a section of this Act unless it is indicated that reference to some other enactment is intended,<\/p>\n<p>(c) a reference to a subsection, paragraph or subparagraph is a reference to the subsection, paragraph or subparagraph of the provision in which the reference occurs unless it is indicated that reference to some other provision is intended.<\/p>\n<h4>Assault.<\/h4>\n<p>2.\u2014(1) A person shall be guilty of the offence of assault who, without lawful excuse, intentionally or recklessly\u2014<\/p>\n<p>(a) directly or indirectly applies force to or causes an impact on the body of another, or<\/p>\n<p>(b) causes another to believe on reasonable grounds that he or she is likely immediately to be subjected to any such force or impact,<\/p>\n<p>without the consent of the other.<\/p>\n<p>(2) In subsection (1) (a), \u201cforce\u201d includes\u2014<\/p>\n<p>(a) application of heat, light, electric current, noise or any other form of energy, and<\/p>\n<p>(b) application of matter in solid liquid or gaseous form.<\/p>\n<p>(3) No such offence is committed if the force or impact, not being intended or likely to cause injury, is in the circumstances such as is generally acceptable in the ordinary conduct of daily life and the defendant does not know or believe that it is in fact unacceptable to the other person.<\/p>\n<p>(4) A person guilty of an offence under this section shall be liable on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding \u00a31,500 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 6 months or to both.<\/p>\n<p>Annotations:<\/p>\n<p>Editorial Notes:<\/p>\n<p>E2<br \/>\nA fine of \u00a31,500 converted (1.01.1999) to \u20ac1,904.61. This translates into a class C fine not greater than \u20ac2,500 as provided (4.01.2011) by Fines Act 2010 (8\/2010), ss. 3, 6(2) and table ref. no. 1, S.I. No. 662 of 2010.<\/p>\n<h4>Assault causing harm.<\/h4>\n<p>3.\u2014(1) A person who assaults another causing him or her harm shall be guilty of an offence.<\/p>\n<p>(2) A person guilty of an offence under this section shall be liable\u2014<\/p>\n<p>(a) on summary conviction, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 12 months or to a fine not exceeding \u00a31,500 or to both, or<\/p>\n<p>(b) on conviction on indictment to a fine or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding F1[10 years] or to both.<\/p>\n<p>Annotations:<\/p>\n<p>Amendments:<\/p>\n<p>F1<br \/>\nSubstituted (1.11.2023) by Criminal Justice (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2023 (24\/2023), s. 20, S.I. No. 525 of 2023.<\/p>\n<p>Editorial Notes:<\/p>\n<p>E3<br \/>\nA fine of \u00a31,500 converted (1.01.1999) to \u20ac1,904.61. This translates into a class C fine not greater than \u20ac2,500 as provided (4.01.2011) by Fines Act 2010 (8\/2010), s. 6(2) and table ref. no. 1, S.I. No. 662 of 2010.<\/p>\n<p>F2[<\/p>\n<h4>Non-fatal strangulation or non-fatal suffocation<\/h4>\n<p>3A.\u2014(1) A person shall be guilty of an offence who, without lawful excuse, intentionally or recklessly\u2014<\/p>\n<p>(a) strangles or suffocates another, or<\/p>\n<p>(b) causes another to believe on reasonable grounds that he or she is likely immediately to be subjected to suffocation or strangulation.<\/p>\n<p>(2) In a prosecution for an offence under subsection (1), it shall be a defence for the accused to show that the other consented to the strangulation or suffocation of which the offence consists.<\/p>\n<p>(3) A person guilty of an offence under subsection (1) shall be liable\u2014<\/p>\n<p>(a) on summary conviction, to a class A fine or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 12 months, or to both, or<\/p>\n<p>(b) on conviction on indictment, to a fine or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 10 years, or to both.<\/p>\n<p>(4) A person charged with an offence under subsection (1) may, if the evidence does not warrant a conviction for that offence but warrants a conviction for an offence under section 3, be found guilty of an offence under section 3.<\/p>\n<p>(5) In this section and section 4A (inserted by section 22 of the Criminal Justice (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2023)\u2014<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;strangle&#8221; includes applying, directly or indirectly, force to the neck of another so as to impede breathing or the circulation of blood;<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;suffocate&#8221; includes\u2014<\/p>\n<p>(a) asphyxiating another, and<\/p>\n<p>(b) impeding the breathing of another, including by\u2014<\/p>\n<p>(i) covering the mouth or nose,<\/p>\n<p>(ii) constricting the chest, or<\/p>\n<p>(iii) blocking, by means of a foreign object, the airways,<\/p>\n<p>of the other.]<\/p>\n<p>Annotations:<\/p>\n<p>Amendments:<\/p>\n<p>F2<br \/>\nInserted (1.11.2023) by Criminal Justice (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2023 (24\/2023), s. 21, S.I. No. 525 of 2023. A class A fine means a fine not exceeding \u20ac5,000 as provided (4.01.2011) by Fines Act 2010 (8\/2010), ss. 3, 4(1), S.I. No. 662 of 2010.<\/p>\n<p>Editorial Notes:<\/p>\n<p>E4<br \/>\nThe section heading is taken from the amending section in the absence of one included in the amendment.<\/p>\n<h4>Causing serious harm.<\/h4>\n<p>4.\u2014(1) A person who intentionally or recklessly causes serious harm to another shall be guilty of an offence.<\/p>\n<p>(2) A person guilty of an offence under this section shall be liable on conviction on indictment to a fine or to imprisonment for life or to both.<\/p>\n<p>Annotations:<\/p>\n<p>Editorial Notes:<\/p>\n<p>E5<br \/>\nOffence under section listed as offence for the purposes of Criminal Justice Act 2007, Part 3 (18.05.2007) by Criminal Justice Act 2007 (29\/2007), ss. 25, 26 and sch. 2 para. 2(a), S.I. No. 236 of 2007.<\/p>\n<p>F3[<\/p>\n<h4>Non-fatal strangulation or non-fatal suffocation causing serious harm<\/h4>\n<p>4A.\u2014(1) A person who intentionally or recklessly causes serious harm to another by suffocating or strangling the other shall be guilty of an offence.<\/p>\n<p>(2) A person guilty of an offence under subsection (1) shall be liable on conviction on indictment to a fine or to imprisonment for life or to both.<\/p>\n<p>(3) A person charged with an offence under subsection (1) may, if the evidence does not warrant a conviction for that offence but warrants a conviction for an offence under section 4, be found guilty of an offence under section 4.<\/p>\n<p>(4) In this section, &#8220;strangle&#8221; and &#8220;suffocate&#8221; have the meanings they have in section 3A (inserted by section 21 of the Criminal Justice (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2023).]<\/p>\n<p>Annotations:<\/p>\n<p>Amendments:<\/p>\n<p>F3<br \/>\nInserted (1.11.2023) by Criminal Justice (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2023 (24\/2023), s. 22, S.I. No. 525 of 2023.<\/p>\n<p>Editorial Notes:<\/p>\n<p>E6<br \/>\nThe section heading is taken from the amending section in the absence of one included in the amendment.<\/p>\n<h4>Threats to kill or cause serious harm.<\/h4>\n<p>5.\u2014(1) A person who, without lawful excuse, makes to another a threat, by any means intending the other to believe it will be carried out, to kill or cause serious harm to that other or a third person shall be guilty of an offence.<\/p>\n<p>(2) A person guilty of an offence under this section shall be liable\u2014<\/p>\n<p>(a) on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding \u00a31,500 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 12 months or to both, or<\/p>\n<p>(b) on conviction on indictment to a fine or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 10 years or to both.<\/p>\n<p>Annotations:<\/p>\n<p>Editorial Notes:<\/p>\n<p>E7<br \/>\nA fine of \u00a31,500 converted (1.01.1999) to \u20ac1,904.61. This translates into a class C fine not greater than \u20ac2,500 as provided (4.01.2011) by Fines Act 2010 (8\/2010), s. 6(2) and table ref. no. 1, S.I. No. 662 of 2010.<\/p>\n<p>E8<br \/>\nOffence under section listed as offence for the purposes of Criminal Justice Act 2007, Part 3 (18.05.2007) by Criminal Justice Act 2007 (29\/2007), ss. 25, 26 and sch. 2 para. 2(b), S.I. No. 236 of 2007.<\/p>\n<h4>Syringe, etc., attacks.<\/h4>\n<p>6.\u2014(1) A person who\u2014<\/p>\n<p>(a) injures another by piercing the skin of that other with a syringe, or<\/p>\n<p>(b) threatens to so injure another with a syringe,<\/p>\n<p>with the intention of or where there is a likelihood of causing that other to believe that he or she may become infected with disease as a result of the injury caused or threatened shall be guilty of an offence.<\/p>\n<p>(2) A person who\u2014<\/p>\n<p>(a) sprays, pours or puts onto another blood or any fluid or substance resembling blood, or<\/p>\n<p>(b) threatens to spray, pour or put onto another blood or any fluid or substance resembling blood,<\/p>\n<p>with the intention of or where there is a likelihood of causing that other to believe that he or she may become infected with disease as a result of the action caused or threatened shall be guilty of an offence.<\/p>\n<p>(3) A person who in committing or attempting to commit an offence under subsection (1) or (2)\u2014<\/p>\n<p>(a) injures a third person with a syringe by piercing his or her skin, or<\/p>\n<p>(b) sprays, pours or puts onto a third person blood or any fluid or substance resembling blood,<\/p>\n<p>resulting in the third person believing that he or she may become infected with disease as a result of the injury or action caused shall be guilty of an offence.<\/p>\n<p>(4) A person guilty of an offence under subsection (1), (2) or (3) shall be liable\u2014<\/p>\n<p>(a) on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding \u00a31,500 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 12 months or to both, or<\/p>\n<p>(b) on conviction on indictment to a fine or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 10 years or to both.<\/p>\n<p>(5) (a) A person who intentionally injures another by piercing the skin of that other with a contaminated syringe shall be guilty of an offence.<\/p>\n<p>(b) A person who intentionally sprays, pours or puts onto another contaminated blood shall be guilty of an offence.<\/p>\n<p>(c) A person who in committing or attempting to commit an offence under paragraph (a) or (b)\u2014<\/p>\n<p>(i) injures a third person with a contaminated syringe by piercing his or her skin, or<\/p>\n<p>(ii) sprays, pours or puts onto a third person contaminated blood,<\/p>\n<p>shall be guilty of an offence.<\/p>\n<p>(d) A person guilty of an offence under this subsection shall be liable on conviction on indictment to imprisonment for life.<\/p>\n<p>Annotations:<\/p>\n<p>Editorial Notes:<\/p>\n<p>E9<br \/>\nA fine of \u00a31,500 converted (1.01.1999) to \u20ac1,904.61. This translates into a class C finenot greater than \u20ac2,500 as provided (4.01.2011) by Fines Act 2010 (8\/2010), s. 6(2) and table ref. no. 1, S.I. No. 662 of 2010.<\/p>\n<h4>Offence of possession of syringe, etc., in certain circumstances and seizure thereof by member of Garda S\u00edoch\u00e1na.<\/h4>\n<p>7.\u2014(1) A person who has with him or her in any place\u2014<\/p>\n<p>(a) a syringe, or<\/p>\n<p>(b) any blood in a container,<\/p>\n<p>intended by him or her unlawfully to cause or threaten to cause injury to or to intimidate another shall be guilty of an offence.<\/p>\n<p>(2) A member of the Garda S\u00edoch\u00e1na who has reasonable cause to suspect that a person has with him or her in a public place a syringe, or any blood in a container intended by him or her unlawfully to cause or to threaten to cause injury to or to intimidate another, may stop and question and if necessary (if need be by using reasonable force) search such person and the member may seize and detain any syringe or such container found on the person or in the immediate vicinity of the person, unless the person gives to the member reasonable excuse for having the syringe or container with him or her, and, where a syringe or such a container is so found, require the name and address of the person.<\/p>\n<p>(3) A member of the Garda S\u00edoch\u00e1na may arrest without warrant a person who\u2014<\/p>\n<p>(a) fails to stop when required under subsection (2), or<\/p>\n<p>(b) fails or refuses to give his or her name or address when required under subsection (2) or gives a name or address which the member has reasonable cause to believe is false or misleading, or<\/p>\n<p>(c) obstructs or attempts to obstruct the member or any person accompanying that member in the carrying out of the member&#8217;s duties under subsection (2).<\/p>\n<p>(4) A person who, without reasonable excuse, fails to stop or fails to give his or her name or address when required to under subsection (2) or gives a name or address which is false or misleading or obstructs or interferes with a member of the Garda S\u00edoch\u00e1na acting under that subsection shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding \u00a31,500 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 6 months, or to both.<\/p>\n<p>(5) In a prosecution for an offence under subsection (1), it shall not be necessary for the prosecution to allege or prove that the intent to threaten or cause injury to or intimidate was intent to threaten or cause injury to or intimidate a particular person; and if, having regard to all the circumstances (including the contents of the syringe, if any, the time of the day or night, and the place), the court (or the jury as the case may be) thinks it reasonable to do so, it shall regard possession of the syringe or container as sufficient evidence of intent in the absence of any adequate explanation by the accused.<\/p>\n<p>(6) In this section \u201cblood\u201d includes any fluid or substance resembling blood.<\/p>\n<p>(7) A person guilty of an offence under subsection (1) shall be liable\u2014<\/p>\n<p>(a) on summary conviction, to a fine not exceeding \u00a31,500 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 12 months or to both, or<\/p>\n<p>(b) on conviction on indictment, to a fine or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 7 years or to both.<\/p>\n<p>Annotations:<\/p>\n<p>Editorial Notes:<\/p>\n<p>E10<br \/>\nA fine of \u00a31,500 converted (1.01.1999) to \u20ac1,904.61. This translates into a class C fine not greater than \u20ac2,500 as provided (4.01.2011) by Fines Act 2010 (8\/2010), s. 6(2) and table ref. no. 1, S.I. No. 662 of 2010.<\/p>\n<h4>Placing or abandoning syringe.<\/h4>\n<p>8.\u2014(1) Subject to subsection (3), a person who places or abandons a syringe in any place in such a manner that it is likely to injure another and does injure another or is likely to injure, cause a threat to or frighten another shall be guilty of an offence.<\/p>\n<p>(2) A person who intentionally places a contaminated syringe in any place in such a manner that it injures another shall be guilty of an offence.<\/p>\n<p>(3) Subsection (1) does not apply to a person placing a syringe in any place whilst administering or assisting in lawful medical, dental or veterinary procedures.<\/p>\n<p>(4) In a prosecution for an offence under subsection (1) where it is alleged a syringe is placed in a place being a private dwelling at which the accused normally resides, it shall be a defence for the accused to show that he or she did not intentionally place the syringe in such a manner that it injured or was likely to injure or cause a threat to or frighten another, as the case may be.<\/p>\n<p>(5) A person guilty of an offence under subsection (1) shall be liable\u2014<\/p>\n<p>(a) on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding \u00a31,500 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 12 months or to both, or<\/p>\n<p>(b) on conviction on indictment to a fine or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 7 years or to both.<\/p>\n<p>(6) A person guilty of an offence under subsection (2) shall be liable on conviction on indictment to imprisonment for life.<\/p>\n<p>Annotations:<\/p>\n<p>Editorial Notes:<\/p>\n<p>E11<br \/>\nA fine of \u00a31,500 converted (1.01.1999) to \u20ac1,904.61. This translates into a class C finenot greater than \u20ac2,500 as provided (4.01.2011) by Fines Act 2010 (8\/2010), s. 6(2) and table ref. no. 1, S.I. No. 662 of 2010.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Poisoning.<\/h3>\n<p>12.\u2014(1) A person shall be guilty of an offence if, knowing that the other does not consent to what is being done, he or she intentionally or recklessly administers to or causes to be taken by another a substance which he or she knows to be capable of interfering substantially with the other&#8217;s bodily functions.<\/p>\n<p>(2) For the purpose of this section a substance capable of inducing unconsciousness or sleep is capable of interfering substantially with bodily functions.<\/p>\n<p>(3) A person guilty of an offence under this section shall be liable\u2014<\/p>\n<p>(a) on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding \u00a31,500 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 12 months or to both, or<\/p>\n<p>(b) on conviction on indictment to a fine or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 3 years or to both.<\/p>\n<h4>Abolition of common law offences of assault and battery, kidnapping and false imprisonment.<\/h4>\n<p>28.\u2014(1) The following common law offences are hereby abolished\u2014<\/p>\n<p>(a) assault and battery,<\/p>\n<p>(b) assault occasioning actual bodily harm,<\/p>\n<p>(c) kidnapping, and<\/p>\n<p>(d) false imprisonment.<\/p>\n<p>(2) The abolition of the common law offence of kidnapping shall not affect the operation of section 2 of, and paragraph 4 of the Schedule to, the Criminal Law (Jurisdiction) Act, 1976, and accordingly the said section 2 and the said Schedule shall have effect as if subsection (1) (c) had not been enacted.<\/p>\n<h2>CRIMINAL JUSTICE (PUBLIC ORDER) ACT 1994<\/h2>\n<h4>Assault with intent to cause bodily harm or commit indictable offence.<\/h4>\n<p>18.\u2014(1) Any person who assaults any person with intent to cause bodily harm or to commit an indictable offence shall be guilty of an offence.<\/p>\n<p>(2) A person guilty of an offence under this section shall be liable\u2014<\/p>\n<p>(a) on summary conviction, to a fine not exceeding F17[\u20ac2,500] or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 12 months or to both,<\/p>\n<p>(b) on conviction on indictment, to a fine or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 5 years or to both.<\/p>\n<p>Annotations<\/p>\n<p>Amendments:<\/p>\n<p>F17<br \/>\nSubstituted (30.07.2008) by Intoxicating Liquor Act 2008 (17\/2008), s. 22 and sch. 2, S.I. No. 286 of 2008.<\/p>\n<p>Editorial Notes:<\/p>\n<p>E23<br \/>\nOffences under section to result in mandatory disqualification for holding of public service vehicle licence for certain periods as provided (6.04.2014) by Taxi Regulation Act 2013 (37\/2013), s. 30 and sch., S.I. No. 163 of 2014.<\/p>\n<p>E24<br \/>\nOffences under section deemed \u201cserious offences\u201d for the purpose of refusal of bail (4.09.1998) by Bail Act 1997 (16\/1997), ss. 1, 2 and sch. paras. 8(a), 29, 30, S.I. No. 315 of 1998.<\/p>\n<h4>Assault or obstruction of peace officer.<\/h4>\n<p>F18[19.\u2014(1) Any person who assaults or threatens to assault\u2014<\/p>\n<p>(a) a person providing medical services at or in a hospital, or<\/p>\n<p>(b) a person assisting such a person, or<\/p>\n<p>(c) a peace officer acting in the execution of a peace officer\u2019s duty, knowing that he or she is, or being reckless as to whether he or she is, a peace officer so acting, or<\/p>\n<p>(d) any other person acting in aid of a peace officer, or<\/p>\n<p>(e) any other person with intent to resist or prevent the lawful apprehension or detention of himself or herself or any other person for any offence,<\/p>\n<p>shall be guilty of an offence. ]<\/p>\n<p>(2) A person guilty of an offence under subsection (1) shall be liable\u2014<\/p>\n<p>(a) having elected for summary disposal of the offence, on summary conviction, to a fine not exceeding F19[\u20ac5,000] or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 12 months, or to both,<\/p>\n<p>(b) on conviction on indictment, to a fine or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding F20[12 years] or to both.<\/p>\n<p>F21[(3) Any person who resists or wilfully obstructs or impedes\u2014<\/p>\n<p>(a) a person providing medical services at or in a hospital, knowing that he or she is, or being reckless as to whether he or she is, a person providing medical services, or<\/p>\n<p>(b) a person assisting such a person, or<\/p>\n<p>(c) a peace officer acting in the execution of a peace officer\u2019s duty, knowing that he or she is or being reckless as to whether he or she is, a peace officer so acting, or<\/p>\n<p>(d) a person assisting a peace officer in the execution of his or her duty,<\/p>\n<p>shall be guilty of an offence.]<\/p>\n<p>(4) A person guilty of an offence under subsection (3) shall be liable on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding F22[\u20ac2,500] or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 6 months or to both.<\/p>\n<p>(5) The provisions of this section are in addition to and not in substitution of any provision in any other enactment relating to assault or obstruction of a peace officer.<\/p>\n<p>(6) In this section\u2014<\/p>\n<p>F23[\u201chospital\u201d includes the lands, buildings and premises connected with and used wholly or mainly for the purposes of a hospital; ]<\/p>\n<p>F23[\u201cmedical services\u201d means services provided by\u2014<\/p>\n<p>(a) doctors, dentists, psychiatrists, nurses, midwives, pharmacists, health and social care professionals (within the meaning of the Health and Social Care Professionals Act 2005) or other persons in the provision of treatment and care for persons at or in a hospital, or<\/p>\n<p>(b) persons acting under direction of those persons;]<\/p>\n<p>\u201cpeace officer\u201d means a member of the Garda S\u00edoch\u00e1na, a prison officer F24[, a member of the fire brigade, ambulance personnel] or a member of the Defence Forces;<\/p>\n<p>\u201cprison\u201d means any place for which rules or regulations may be made under the Prisons Acts, 1826 to 1980, section 7 of the Offences against the State (Amendment) Act, 1940, section 233 of the Defence Act, 1954, section 2 of the Prisoners of War and Enemy Aliens Act, 1956, or section 13 of the Criminal Justice Act, 1960;<\/p>\n<p>F25[&#8220;prison officer&#8221; includes any member of the staff of a prison and any person having the custody of, or having duties relating to the custody of, a person in relation to whom an order of a court committing that person to a prison is for the time being in force;]<\/p>\n<p>Annotations<\/p>\n<p>Amendments:<\/p>\n<p>F18<br \/>\nSubstituted (1.08.2006) by Criminal Justice Act 2006 (26\/2006), s. 185(a), S.I. No. 390 of 2006.<\/p>\n<p>F19<br \/>\nSubstituted (1.08.2006) by Criminal Justice Act 2006 (26\/2008), s. 185(d), S.I. No. 390 of 2006. A fine of \u20ac5,000 translates into a class A fine, not greater than \u20ac5,000, as provided (4.01.2011) by Fines Act 2010 (8\/2010), ss. 3, 4(3) and table ref. no. 1, S.I. No. 662 of 2010.<\/p>\n<p>F20<br \/>\nSubstituted (1.11.2023) by Criminal Justice (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2023 (24\/2023), s. 63(b), S.I. No. 525 of 2023, art. 3(g).<\/p>\n<p>F21<br \/>\nSubstituted (1.08.2006) by Criminal Justice Act 2006 (26\/2006), s. 185(c), S.I. No. 390 of 2006.<\/p>\n<p>F22<br \/>\nSubstituted (1.08.2006) by Criminal Justice Act 2006 (26\/2006), s. 185(d), S.I. No. 390 of 2006. A fine of \u20ac2,500 translates into a class C fine, not greater than \u20ac2,500, as provided (4.01.2011) by Fines Act 2010 (8\/2010), ss. 3, 6(3) and table ref. no. 1, S.I. No. 662 of 2010.<\/p>\n<p>F23<br \/>\nInserted (1.08.2006) by Criminal Justice Act 2006 (26\/2006), s. 185(e)(i), S.I. No. 390 of 2006.<\/p>\n<p>F24<br \/>\nInserted (1.08.2006) by Criminal Justice Act 2006 (26\/2006), s. 185(e)(ii), S.I. No. 390 of 2006.<\/p>\n<p>F25<br \/>\nSubstituted (1.05.2007) by Prisons Act 2007 (10\/2007), s. 41(4), S.I. No. 180 of 2007.<\/p>\n<p>Editorial Notes:<\/p>\n<p>E25<br \/>\nOffences under section to result in mandatory disqualification for holding of public service vehicle licence for certain periods as provided (6.04.2014) by Taxi Regulation Act 2013 (37\/2013), s. 30 and sch., S.I. No. 163 of 2014.<\/p>\n<p>E26<br \/>\nPersons convicted of offence under section may be subject to restriction on movement orders as provided (2.10.2006) by Criminal Justice Act 2006 (26\/2006), s. 101 and sch. 3 para. 1, S.I. No. 390 of 2006.<\/p>\n<p>E27<br \/>\nOffences under section deemed \u201cserious offences\u201d for the purpose of refusal of bail (4.09.1998) by Bail Act 1997 (16\/1997), ss. 1, 2 and sch. paras. 28, 29, 30, S.I. No. 315 of 1998.<\/p>\n<p>E28<br \/>\nPrevious affecting provision: subs. (2)(b) amended (1.08.2006) by Criminal Justice Act 2006 (26\/2006), s. 185(b), S.I. No. 390 of 2006; substituted (1.11.2023) as per F-note above.<\/p>\n<!--themify_builder_content-->\n<div id=\"themify_builder_content-1082\" data-postid=\"1082\" class=\"themify_builder_content themify_builder_content-1082 themify_builder tf_clear\">\n    <\/div>\n<!--\/themify_builder_content-->\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Non-Fatal Offences Against the Person The Non-Fatal Offence against the \u00a0Person Act 1997 modernise law in relation to non-fatal offences against a person.\u00a0 Many common law crimes were abolished and replaced with statutory crimes. The elements of the respective crimes are now defined by the statute. The common law immunity for parents, teachers and other [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[61],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1082"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1082"}],"version-history":[{"count":17,"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1082\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":33505,"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1082\/revisions\/33505"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1082"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1082"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1082"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}