{"id":12198,"date":"2018-07-24T09:46:41","date_gmt":"2018-07-24T09:46:41","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/legalblog.ie\/electronic-communications\/"},"modified":"2022-09-25T17:41:05","modified_gmt":"2022-09-25T17:41:05","slug":"electronic-communications","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/electronic-communications\/","title":{"rendered":"Electronic Communications Services [EU]"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_63 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/electronic-communications\/#Independent_Regulation_and_Competition\" title=\"Independent Regulation and Competition\">Independent Regulation and Competition<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/electronic-communications\/#Authoring_Electronic_Communications_Providers\" title=\"Authoring Electronic Communications Providers\">Authoring Electronic Communications Providers<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/electronic-communications\/#Dominant_Operators_to_Share_Facilities\" title=\"Dominant Operators to Share Facilities\">Dominant Operators to Share Facilities<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/electronic-communications\/#Interconnection\" title=\"Interconnection\">Interconnection<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/electronic-communications\/#Further_Removal_of_Obstacles\" title=\"Further Removal of Obstacles\">Further Removal of Obstacles<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/electronic-communications\/#Rights_of_Users_I\" title=\"Rights of Users I\">Rights of Users I<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/electronic-communications\/#Rights_of_Users_II\" title=\"Rights of Users II\">Rights of Users II<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/electronic-communications\/#The_Radio_Spectrum\" title=\"The Radio Spectrum\">The Radio Spectrum<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/electronic-communications\/#Terminal_Equipment\" title=\"Terminal Equipment\">Terminal Equipment<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/electronic-communications\/#Transmitting_Equipment_Mobile_Phones\" title=\"Transmitting Equipment \/ Mobile Phones\">Transmitting Equipment \/ Mobile Phones<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/electronic-communications\/#Further_Mobile_Phone_Measures\" title=\"Further Mobile Phone Measures\">Further Mobile Phone Measures<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Independent_Regulation_and_Competition\"><\/span>Independent Regulation and Competition<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The EU has sought to introduce competition into the provision of electronic communications. The liberalisation also extends to directories, telephone enquiries, frequencies, TV, satellites and cable networks.<\/p>\n<p>A regulatory framework for electronic communications has been established.\u00a0 The principal purpose is to facilitate market entry. The EU rules establish a harmonized framework for the regulation of e-commerce networks and services. Member states must ensure that the regulatory authorities are independent and legally distinct of all organisations providing electronic communication networks equipment and services.<\/p>\n<p>There must be mechanisms to allow users or providers of electronic communication networks or services to appeal to an independent body in the event of a dispute with the national regulatory authority. The national regulatory authority must exercise their powers impartially and transparently.\u00a0 The national authorities and the European Association of Regulators must cooperate to determine the instruments and the appropriate solutions to ensure the internal market in electronic communications.<\/p>\n<p>The regulators must ensure that authorised providers provide maximum benefit in terms of choice, price, and quality.\u00a0 Regulators must contribute to the development of the internal market by encouraging the establishment and development of the Trans-European Networks and interoperability of Pan-European Services.\u00a0 They must cooperate with each other and with the European Commission to ensure consistent regulatory practice and the application of the regulatory framework for the telecommunications sector.<\/p>\n<p>Regulatory bodies must ensure that there is access to the universal service. There must be simple and inexpensive dispute resolution procedures. There must be high levels of protection of personal data and privacy. National regulatory authorities must control the assignment of national numbering resources.\u00a0 They must establish transparent and non-discriminatory procedures to grant rights of use.<\/p>\n<p>The European Union has established arrangements to provide links between national regulatory authorities in the area of electronic communications.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Authoring_Electronic_Communications_Providers\"><\/span>Authoring Electronic Communications Providers<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>There are provisions for the grant of authorisations to use electronic communications networks \u00a0for services. The rules apply to the granting of rights to use radio frequencies which involve the provision of an electronic communication network or service.\u00a0 The purpose of the harmonised rules is to establish a harmonised market in the EU and to limit regulation to that which is strictly necessary.<\/p>\n<p>Each member state must provide for a general authorisation for providers of electronic communications networks and services.\u00a0 Further administrative consents or decisions are not required to undertake activities under the authorisation.<\/p>\n<p><em>\u00a0<\/em>General authorisations give businesses the right to provide electronic communication networks and services and negotiate interconnection with other EU providers where they are authorised to provide services to the public.\u00a0 The general authorisation is to make them eligible to provide certain universal service functions.<\/p>\n<p>Rights to use the radio frequencies may be subject to conditions with a view to avoiding harmful interference<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>ensuring technical quality of service<\/li>\n<li>safeguarding the efficient use of a spectrum<\/li>\n<li>ensuring general interest objectives<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Decisions on the right to use must be made within certain minimum periods. The types of conditions that may be appended to the general authorisation are limited.\u00a0 They may include<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>financial contribution to fund the universal service<\/li>\n<li>conditions on the use of the radio spectrum<\/li>\n<li>restrictions concerning broadcasts of illegal content<\/li>\n<li>imposition of administrative charges, obligations to transmit certain TV and radio programs<\/li>\n<li>rules on privacy protection and protection of minors<\/li>\n<li>accessibility and portability of members<\/li>\n<li>interoperability of services and interconnection of networks<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>National regulatory authorities monitor and supervise compliance with the requirements under the general authorisation.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Dominant_Operators_to_Share_Facilities\"><\/span>Dominant Operators to Share Facilities<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Member states may require undertakings operating electronic communication networks to share facilities or property.\u00a0 This is appropriate when there is limited access to resources due to the need to protect the environment, health or public safety or when it is not possible to replicate the infrastructure. \u00a0The arrangements may include rules apportioning the cost.<\/p>\n<p>Where markets are not competitive, undertakings of significant market power may be subjected to regulatory obligations. Businesses which are vertically integrated must not discriminate in favour of their own entities or activities.<\/p>\n<p>The EU Commission may publish a list of non-compulsory standards, for harmonisation of electronic communications, networks, and facilities.\u00a0 The standards may be made mandatory if necessary.<\/p>\n<p>Disputes between the providers of electronic communications networks and services and\/or undertakings benefiting from rights of access or interconnection are resolved by the national regulatory authority.\u00a0 It must issue a binding decision within four months.\u00a0 If there is a cross-border aspect, the matter may be referred to the European body of regulators.\u00a0 Penalties must be provided for infringement of the directive.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Interconnection\"><\/span>Interconnection<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The access directive provides rights and obligations for businesses seeking interconnection or access to the provider\u2019s networks. There must be no restrictions which prevent businesses in the same state or different states negotiating between themselves regarding access or interconnection.<\/p>\n<p>Network operators have rights and obligations in relation to interconnection agreements in relation to the communication networks. Operators have the right and when requested by other undertakings so authorised, the obligation to negotiate interconnection with each other for the purpose of providing publicly available electronic communication services.<\/p>\n<p>Regulators must assess whether businesses have significant market power.\u00a0 If this is the case, then the regulator may impose according to the circumstances;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>obligations of transparency in respect of interconnection<\/li>\n<li>access for other to specified information such as technical specifications and network characteristics.<\/li>\n<li>obligations not to discriminate<\/li>\n<li>obligations of accounting separation in relation to particular activities concerning interconnection<\/li>\n<li>obligations of access to and use of specified network facilities<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Operators may be required<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>to give third-parties\\&#8217; access to certain network facilities including unbundled access for the local loop<\/li>\n<li>to negotiate in good faith with businesses requiring access<\/li>\n<li>not to withdraw access facilities granted<\/li>\n<li>to grant open access to technical interface protocols and key technologies that are necessary for the interoperability of services<\/li>\n<li>to provide collocation in little forms of associated facility sharing<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Obligations may be applied in relation to cost recovery and price controls.<\/p>\n<p>Obligations may relate to the separation of functions so that vertically integrated businesses may be obliged to place the wholesale division providing the relevant access, in an independently operating business entity in order to supply access products and services including those to other entities within the group on the same terms and conditions.<\/p>\n<p>If market failure continues after these obligations are implemented, the regulator may impose an obligation on an undertaking to place activities relating to the provision of services in an independently operating entity.\u00a0 If the entity is dominant, they may transfer the local access network to another undertaking.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Further_Removal_of_Obstacles\"><\/span>Further Removal of Obstacles<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>A 2014 directive seeks to reduce the cost of deploying high-speed electronic communication networks.\u00a0 Its purpose is to facilitate and promote the roll-out of high-speed digital networks, i.e. fast broadband. \u00a0Two approaches are offered.\u00a0 One involves the reuse of existing physical infrastructure, and the other the creation of conditions for the more efficient installation of new infrastructure.<\/p>\n<p>States must remove legal obstacles that hold back network operators from giving telecom operators access to their physical infrastructure.\u00a0 Network operators must give access to the physical infrastructure on reasonable terms including price.\u00a0 Network operators include providers of public communication networks, but also other utilities such as energy, water, wastewater and transport providers.<\/p>\n<p>Legal obstacles which impede negotiation and agreement between network operators and telecom operators must be removed. Publicly financed network operators must meet reasonable and timely requests for coordination of works and arrangements,\u00a0 provided that the extra cost is paid for by the telecoms operator.<\/p>\n<p>States must ensure that undertakings using broadband have access to a minimum amount of information about the existing infrastructure including its type and location.\u00a0 There must be a single information point. The provision of information is designed to ensure that costs are kept to a minimum.\u00a0 Access may be limited by reason of the security of the network, \u00a0their integrity, public health or safety, national security, confidentiality and business secrets.<\/p>\n<p>States must ensure that all procedures for granting permits are available through a single information point preferably in electronic form.\u00a0 Permit decisions must be made within four months.\u00a0 Refusals must be justified fully.<\/p>\n<p>New buildings and major renovations must be equipped with a physical infrastructure capable of hosting high-speed network.\u00a0 Communications must have an access point easily accessible by providers of public communications networks.\u00a0 This must be done in a technology neutral way. There are provisions for exemptions such as for monuments or holiday houses.<\/p>\n<p>Providers must have the right to reach the access point under fair and nondiscriminatory terms and conditions.\u00a0 There must be out of court procedures for timely resolution of disputes under the directive.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Rights_of_Users_I\"><\/span>Rights of Users I<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>EU member states must ensure that electronic communication services set out in the universal services directive are made available to all users in the territory regardless of the geographic location at a specific quality level on affordable price terms.\u00a0 Users are entitled to request to a connection to the public telephone network at a fixed location on affordable price terms.<\/p>\n<p>The connection must enable users to use voice, \u00a0and other data communication at a data rate sufficient to permit functional internet access. The provision may be restricted to the end user\\&#8217;s primary residence.\u00a0 There should be no constraints on the technical means by which the connection is provided.<\/p>\n<p>At least one comprehensive directory which is updated yearly must be available to end-users.\u00a0 This one directory enquiry services must be available to end-users including users of pay telephones.<\/p>\n<p>Regulators must be able to impose obligations to ensure public pay telephones or access points to publicly available telephones to meet the needs of end-users.\u00a0 Member states must ensure that disabled users enjoy a service which meets their needs and is equivalent to those enjoyed by other users.\u00a0 The access must be at the same functional level as for other users and may be by different means. \u00a0Member state can require their regulators to assess the general meeting specific requirements of the measures for disabled end users.<\/p>\n<p>Each state may designate one or more businesses to guarantee the provision of the universal service. \u00a0Different businesses may be designated to provide different elements of the universal service or to cover different parts of the country.<\/p>\n<p>The state must ensure that consumers with low incomes are enabled to have access to the network and use it.\u00a0 Undertakings which have universal service obligations may be required to comply with price caps or apply common tariffs including geographical averaging throughout the country.<\/p>\n<p>In order to compensate for the costs of the provision of the universal service, a compensation mechanism for operators with universal service obligations may be provided for. \u00a0This may involve compensation from public funds or a mechanism to share costs between providers of electronic communications networks or services<\/p>\n<p>National regulatory authorities must impose obligations on retail services identified as not being effectively competitive.\u00a0 This includes the obligation not to charge excessive prices, inhibit market entry or restrict competition by setting predatory prices.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Rights_of_Users_II\"><\/span>Rights of Users II<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The users of electronic telecommunications services have a number of rights including<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>the provision of operator assistance and a directory service enquiry<\/li>\n<li>publication by businesses which offer publicly accessible electronic communication services of comparable adequate and up-to-date information on the quality of their service<\/li>\n<li>the setting of minimum requirements in relation to quality of service<\/li>\n<li>provision by operators of up-to-date information on applicable prices and tariffs<\/li>\n<li>the right to conclude a contract with one or more businesses or consumer subscribed to services providing connection to the telephone network. The contract must provide for minimum specified information<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The single European emergency call number must remain free of charge. \u00a0(112)<\/p>\n<p>There are provisions to facilitate the change of providers to the retention of telephone numbers when service providers are changed.<\/p>\n<p>The regulators must take account of the views of end-users, consumers and manufacturers, and undertakings such as businesses that provide electronic communications in networks or services.<\/p>\n<p>There must be simple, transparent, non-discriminatory, inexpensive, out of court procedures to deal with unresolved disputes regarding universal services obligations. \u00a0A system of reimbursement and\/or compensation must be provided for.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Radio_Spectrum\"><\/span>The Radio Spectrum<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>States must cooperate with each other and the Commission to implement the planning coordination and harmonisation of the radio spectrum in the EU.<\/p>\n<p>The regulatory authorities manage radio frequencies for electronic communication services.\u00a0 They must be allocated on the basis of transparent non-discriminatory and proportionate criteria.\u00a0 Businesses which intend to transfer the rights to use the frequencies must notify the regulatory authorities who must ensure that competition is not distorted.<\/p>\n<p>Certain restrictions are permissible on grounds of:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>interference,<\/li>\n<li>public health<\/li>\n<li>the technical quality of service<\/li>\n<li>the maximisation of frequency sharing<\/li>\n<li>efficient use of the spectrum<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Terminal_Equipment\"><\/span>Terminal Equipment<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>There are regulations aimed at facilitating competition in relation to telecommunications terminals. Exclusive rights may not be granted in respect of the importation marketing connection bringing into service or maintenance of telecommunications terminal equipment.<\/p>\n<p>The connection of terminal equipment may not be refused unless it does not comply with the essential requirements of the EU Legislation.\u00a0 The equipment must comply with certain common technical standards. Providers must publish the technical specifications for terminal equipment and interfaces to which equipment will be connected.<\/p>\n<p>Exclusive or special rights granted by states for the establishment or provision of electronic communication networks or provision of publicly available electronic communication services must be abolished.<\/p>\n<p>EU states must guarantee businesses the right to provide services or exploit networks without discrimination in accordance with a general authorisation scheme. Only a reasoned opinion on the part of the regulator within the framework of a general request for authorisation may prevent the undertaking from providing services or networks.<\/p>\n<p>There are rules to promote competition in radio equipment and telecommunications terminal equipment.\u00a0 States must ensure that the apparatus complies with the essential requirements of the directive.\u00a0 These provide for standards relating to health and safety, security, electromagnetic compatibility, use of the spectrum.<\/p>\n<p>Where the apparatus confirms with the harmonised European standards in accordance with specified procedures, the standards are presumed to have been met.\u00a0 Apparatus\\&#8217; complaint with the essential requirements should bear the CE conformity marking.<\/p>\n<p>Member states must not prohibit or restrict or impede the putting in the market when the apparatus is compliant with the essential requirements.\u00a0 States may restrict putting into service of radio equipment only for reasons relating to the efficient and appropriate use of the radio spectrum, to avoid harmful interference or by reason of public health issues.\u00a0 There are procedures from which manufacturers may choose for assessing conformity with their essential requirement.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Transmitting_Equipment_Mobile_Phones\"><\/span>Transmitting Equipment \/ Mobile Phones<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>There is a 2014 directive on putting radio equipment on the market. \u00a0The rules seek to keep pace with the growing number of radio equipment devices and ensure that they do not interfere with each other in respect of essential health and safety requirements.\u00a0 There are additional provisions for market surveillance, to track and monitor products which fail to comply with the essential requirements.<\/p>\n<p>The directive applies to equipment which emits and receive radio waves for locational speed and equivalent purposes and for communication purposes.\u00a0 It accordingly includes mobile phones.<\/p>\n<p>The directive sets out requirements which apply to manufacturers, importers, and distributors.\u00a0 Before products might be put on the market or imported into the EU, they must meet the essential requirements.\u00a0 They seek to protect the health and safety of the persons and domestic animals.<\/p>\n<p>There are provisions seeking to protect personal data and provides protection against fraud, access to emergency services and features to assist persons with a disability.<\/p>\n<p>The Commission has been granted powers to require the compatibility to chargers and essential requirements for mobile phones.\u00a0 They may make provision for the Interoperability of radio equipment and accessories.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Further_Mobile_Phone_Measures\"><\/span>Further Mobile Phone Measures<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>A 2012 regulation seeks to boost competition in the market for mobile phone, text messages and internet access while travelling to the EU.<\/p>\n<p>Under EU data roaming rules, there have been reductions in the price caps that are to be paid for roaming services within the EU.\u00a0 Persons travelling outside the EU are to receive a warning text message, email or pop up when they come close to receiving \u20ac50 of data downloads or the pre-agreed levels.<\/p>\n<p>Consumers may choose a separate roaming contract before they travel.\u00a0 Consumers should be enabled to compare roaming offers.<\/p>\n<p>From 1st July 2014, roaming customers pay no more than \u20ac0.19 per minute to make a call, \u20ac0.05 per minute to receive a call, \u20ac0.06 to send a text message and \u20ac0.20 per megabyte to download the data or browse the internet while travelling within the EU.<\/p>\n<p>An EU directive 2010 seeks to create a framework on the deployment of intelligent transport systems in the field of road transport and interfaces with other modes of transport.\u00a0 The purpose is to speed up responses from emergency services to car crash victims.<\/p>\n<p>The aim of the e-call is to bring a rapid assistance for a vehicle involved in a serious accident anywhere in the EU.\u00a0 It is activated automatically as soon as the vehicle sensors detects the serious crash.\u00a0 The system dials the European emergency number 112 and sends details of the accident to rescue services including time, accurate position, and direction of travel.\u00a0 It may be triggered by pushing a button on the car by the passenger or witness.<\/p>\n<!--themify_builder_content-->\n<div id=\"themify_builder_content-12198\" data-postid=\"12198\" class=\"themify_builder_content themify_builder_content-12198 themify_builder tf_clear\">\n    <\/div>\n<!--\/themify_builder_content-->","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Independent Regulation and Competition The EU has sought to introduce competition into the provision of electronic communications. The liberalisation also extends to directories, telephone enquiries, frequencies, TV, satellites and cable networks. A regulatory framework for electronic communications has been established.\u00a0 The principal purpose is to facilitate market entry. The EU rules establish a harmonized framework [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[129,255],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12198"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12198"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12198\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":18715,"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12198\/revisions\/18715"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12198"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12198"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12198"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}