{"id":13151,"date":"2022-08-20T15:49:50","date_gmt":"2022-08-20T15:49:50","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/legalblog.ie\/?p=13151"},"modified":"2024-04-25T20:34:50","modified_gmt":"2024-04-25T20:34:50","slug":"copyright-enforcement","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/copyright-enforcement\/","title":{"rendered":"Copyright Enforcement"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_63 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/copyright-enforcement\/#Enforcement_of_Copyright\" title=\"Enforcement of Copyright\">Enforcement of Copyright<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/copyright-enforcement\/#Proof_issues\" title=\"Proof issues\">Proof issues<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/copyright-enforcement\/#Delivery_Up\" title=\"Delivery Up\">Delivery Up<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/copyright-enforcement\/#Pre-trial_search\" title=\"Pre-trial search\">Pre-trial search<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/copyright-enforcement\/#Damages\" title=\"Damages\">Damages<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/copyright-enforcement\/#Account_of_profits\" title=\"Account of profits\">Account of profits<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/copyright-enforcement\/#Injunction\" title=\"Injunction\">Injunction<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/copyright-enforcement\/#Orders_v_ISPs\" title=\"Orders v ISPs\">Orders v ISPs<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/copyright-enforcement\/#Delivery_up\" title=\"Delivery up\">Delivery up<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/copyright-enforcement\/#District_Court_order_of_seizure\" title=\"District Court order of seizure\">District Court order of seizure<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/copyright-enforcement\/#DC_Process\" title=\"DC Process\">DC Process<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/copyright-enforcement\/#Procdure\" title=\"Procdure\">Procdure<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/copyright-enforcement\/#Criminal_Issues\" title=\"Criminal Issues\">Criminal Issues<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/copyright-enforcement\/2\/#COPYRIGHT_ACT\" title=\"COPYRIGHT ACT\">COPYRIGHT ACT<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/copyright-enforcement\/2\/#Remedies_Copyright_Owner\" title=\"Remedies: Copyright Owner\">Remedies: Copyright Owner<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/copyright-enforcement\/2\/#Equitable_remuneration_reference_of_determination_of_amount_to_Controller\" title=\"Equitable remuneration: reference of determination of amount to Controller.\">Equitable remuneration: reference of determination of amount to Controller.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/copyright-enforcement\/2\/#Action_in_respect_of_construction_of_building\" title=\"Action in respect of construction of building\">Action in respect of construction of building<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/copyright-enforcement\/2\/#Infringement_actionable_by_copyright_owner\" title=\"Infringement actionable by copyright owner.\">Infringement actionable by copyright owner.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/copyright-enforcement\/2\/#Undertakings_concerning_licences_of_right\" title=\"Undertakings concerning licences of right.\">Undertakings concerning licences of right.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/copyright-enforcement\/2\/#Order_for_delivery_up\" title=\"Order for delivery up.\">Order for delivery up.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/copyright-enforcement\/2\/#Application_to_District_Court_for_seizure_of_infringing_copies_articles_or_devices\" title=\"Application to District Court for seizure of infringing copies, articles or devices.\">Application to District Court for seizure of infringing copies, articles or devices.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/copyright-enforcement\/2\/#Right_of_copyright_owner_to_seize_infringing_copies_articles_or_devices_etc\" title=\"Right of copyright owner to seize infringing copies, articles or devices, etc.\">Right of copyright owner to seize infringing copies, articles or devices, etc.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/copyright-enforcement\/2\/#Rights_and_Remedies_Exclusive_Licensee\" title=\"Rights and Remedies: Exclusive Licensee\">Rights and Remedies: Exclusive Licensee<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/copyright-enforcement\/2\/#Rights_of_owner_of_copyright_in_respect_of_infringing_copy\" title=\"Rights of owner of copyright in respect of infringing copy.\">Rights of owner of copyright in respect of infringing copy.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-25\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/copyright-enforcement\/2\/#Rights_and_remedies_of_exclusive_licensee\" title=\"Rights and remedies of exclusive licensee.\">Rights and remedies of exclusive licensee.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-26\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/copyright-enforcement\/2\/#Exercise_of_concurrent_rights\" title=\"Exercise of concurrent rights.\">Exercise of concurrent rights.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-27\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/copyright-enforcement\/2\/#Presumptions\" title=\"Presumptions\">Presumptions<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-28\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/copyright-enforcement\/2\/#Offences_Copyright\" title=\"Offences: Copyright\">Offences: Copyright<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-29\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/copyright-enforcement\/2\/#Offences\" title=\"Offences.\">Offences.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-30\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/copyright-enforcement\/2\/#False_claims_of_copyright\" title=\"False claims of copyright\">False claims of copyright<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-31\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/copyright-enforcement\/2\/#Order_for_delivery_up_in_criminal_proceedings\" title=\"Order for delivery up in criminal proceedings.\">Order for delivery up in criminal proceedings.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-32\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/copyright-enforcement\/2\/#Search_warrants_and_seizure\" title=\"Search warrants and seizure.\">Search warrants and seizure.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-33\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/copyright-enforcement\/2\/#Delivery_up_and_Disposal\" title=\"Delivery up and Disposal\">Delivery up and Disposal<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-34\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/copyright-enforcement\/2\/#Provision_for_Preventing_Importation\" title=\"Provision for Preventing Importation\">Provision for Preventing Importation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-35\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/copyright-enforcement\/2\/#Power_of_Revenue_Commissioners\" title=\"Power of Revenue Commissioners\">Power of Revenue Commissioners<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Enforcement_of_Copyright\"><\/span>Enforcement of Copyright<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>There are a number of mechanisms for the enforcement of copyright.\u00a0 There are both civil actions for infringement and criminal sanctions. An owner of copyright and an exclusive licensee may take infringement proceedings.<\/p>\n<p>The right may be exercised by the holder of the copyright. This may be the original copyright holder or an assignee.<\/p>\n<p>Certain rights may be exercised by a person who is an exclusive licence holder. In some cases but the exclusive licensee and the owner may take action. They may both require to be joined as parties to the action.\u00a0Where there is an entitlement to an award of damages or an account of profits, there may be an apportionment between the copyright holder and the exclusive licensee.<\/p>\n<p>In an action for infringement of the copyright in a work, all relief by way of damages, injunction, an account of profits or otherwise is available to the plaintiff as it is available in respect of the infringement of any other property right.<\/p>\n<p>Damages by way of compensation or on account of profit may be sought.\u00a0 An injunction may be sought to restrain the infringement.\u00a0 Infringing material may be required to be delivered up and destroyed.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Proof_issues\"><\/span>Proof issues<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Where in an action for infringement of the copyright in a work, the defendant does not admit that the plaintiff is the owner of the copyright, the court may direct that evidence in relation to the ownership of the copyright be given on affidavit and the court may decide the issue having considered any affidavit presented to it unless it is satisfied that any conflict of evidence between the affidavits may not be resolved other than by hearing oral testimony in which case the court may order that oral evidence may be adduced. \u00a0Hearsay evidence may be accepted for this purpose.<\/p>\n<p>Copyright is presumed to subsist in works until the contrary is shown.\u00a0 In a claim, the plaintiff\u2019s entitlement to the copyright is presumed unless it is positively challenged.\u00a0 The claimant is presumed copyright owner unless otherwise proved.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Delivery_Up\"><\/span>Delivery Up<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The copyright owner may apply to court for an order directing certain types of infringing materials to be delivered up, as the court directs.\u00a0 The District Court may order the seizure of infringing copies that are being sold or are held as stock.<\/p>\n<p>The copyright owner may apply to <em>s<\/em>eize infringing copies, plates and other devices where they are being sold in public. 30 days\u2019 notice of the seizure must be given to the Gardai and force may not be used.\u00a0 If there is a dispute regarding the seized materials, the matter may be referred to the District Court.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Pre-trial_search\"><\/span>Pre-trial search<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>There is a general civil right in legal proceedings to apply for a pre-trial order, where the defendant might destroy evidence of infringement in advance of a hearing.\u00a0 A so-called Norwich Pharmacal order may be granted by the court, which allows nominated persons to enter premises and seize evidence of infringing materials. It is in effect, a pre-trial order for discovery.<\/p>\n<p>A Norwich Pharmacal order may be made against third parties who are not involved in the infringement.\u00a0 The courts will not readily grant such orders, but they will do so where there is a legitimate reason and the interests of the copyright owner justify it.<\/p>\n<p>The order will be more readily granted against the alleged infringer than against an innocent third party. \u00a0The courts balance the rights of private parties and IP rights holders. The orders may be narrowly tailored to balance the rights.<\/p>\n<p>A person who is aware of the importation of infringing material may give notice to the Revenue Commissioners.\u00a0 He may require Revenue Commissioners to treat the goods as prohibited and seize infringing copies under Customs laws.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Damages\"><\/span>Damages<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The court may, in an action for infringement of copyright, award such damages as, having regard to all the circumstances of the case, it considers just. Without prejudice to any other remedy, where, in an action for infringement of the copyright in a work, it is shown that at the time of the infringement, the defendant did not know and had no reason to believe that copyright subsisted in the work to which the action relates, the plaintiff is not entitled to damages against the defendant. In exercising its powers in addition to or as an alternative to compensating the plaintiff for financial loss, the court may award aggravated or exemplary damages or both aggravated and exemplary damages.<\/p>\n<p>Where damages are sought for infringement, the amount is generally the loss to the claimant. \u00a0The defendant&#8217;s materials may be cheaper, so the loss may exceed the defendant&#8217;s profit.\u00a0 The claimant may be able to give proof of loss in terms of lost sales and lost sales volume. The claimant may be able to show a loss of reputation and wider damage beyond quantifiable loss of profit.\u00a0 Exceptionally, a court may grant punitive or exemplary damages where the defendant has unfairly profited from his wrongdoing.<\/p>\n<p>The court may measure damages with reference to the level of a hypothetical license fee that would have been payable had it been sought.\u00a0 This may not be appropriate if a license would not be available if sought. Even if\u00a0 financial loss is difficult to prove, the courts will be inclined to grant some compensation to reflect the breach of rights.\u00a0 Where the breach is flagrant, aggravated damages may be awarded.<\/p>\n<p>The courts may award damages for conversion, if it considers just to do so. Conversion, in this context, arises from the principle that the claimant\u2019s property rights are reflected in the infringing article.\u00a0 Conversion damages are based on the value of the items concerned.\u00a0 In this case, the measure is independent of the loss of profits and is independent of whether the infringing items adversely affect the claimant&#8217;s reputation.<\/p>\n<p>Where the defendant was unaware of and had no reasonable grounds for believing that copyright existed, the person concerned will not be liable for damages. He may still be liable for an account of profits and be subject to other remedies arising from the infringement. A mistake as to the existence or ownership of copyright is not a defence.\u00a0 Therefore, if a person who is not entitled to copyright gives consent which is taken as sufficient in good faith, there will nonetheless be infringement.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Account_of_profits\"><\/span>Account of profits<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>An account of profits is a claim similar to conversion. It is based on profits wrongfully obtained by a person by misusing another&#8217;s property.<\/p>\n<p>It may even be available against an innocent infringer who has profited.\u00a0 An account of profits requires that the infringer yield up the profits which he has made by reason of the infringement.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Injunction\"><\/span>Injunction<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>A court may grant an injunction to restrain a breach of copyright.\u00a0 A pre-trial injunction may be available where damages would not be an adequate remedy in the ultimate hearing.\u00a0 An applicant for a pre-trial injunction may take place at short notice and, in the first instance, without notice at all, where necessary.\u00a0 See the section on interlocutory injunctions.<\/p>\n<p>The effect of a pre-trial injunction may be to foreclose the issue.\u00a0 The full hearing may not occur because the parties do not prosecute the proceedings.<\/p>\n<p>It&#8217;s possible to apply for an injunction on the basis that a future breach of a legal right is apprehended.\u00a0 This principle applies in the realm of copyright and may be available in exceptional circumstances where damages or monthly compensation would not be adequate.<\/p>\n<p>After a full hearing of a case, a final or perpetual injunction may be granted, declaring rights and restraining the defendant from future infringement.\u00a0 Breach would constitute contempt of court in the usual way.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Orders_v_ISPs\"><\/span>Orders v ISPs<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The courts have made orders based on traditional property law principles to enforce breaches of copyright undertaken through the Internet. They have granted orders against Internet service providers to reveal the name of persons infringing certain copyright. Agreements have been entered between Internet service providers and major copyright holders, such as those in the record industry, in relation to measures to detect breaches of copyright.<\/p>\n<p>Court orders have been granted requiring Internet service providers to block and restrict websites engaged in large-scale infringement.<\/p>\n<p>The owner of a copyright may apply for an injunction against Internet intermediaries service provider. The court, in considering an application for an injunction, is to balance the rights of persons affected and those of the holder of the intellectual property rights.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Delivery_up\"><\/span>Delivery up<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Where a person n the course of a business, trade or profession, has in his or her possession, custody or control an infringing copy of a work, \u00a0has in his or her possession, custody or control an article specifically designed or adapted for making copies of a copyrighted work, knowing or having reason to believe that it has been or is to be used to make infringing copies, or has in his or her possession, custody or control a protection-defeating device, the owner of the copyright in the work may apply to the appropriate court for an order that the infringing copy, article or device be delivered up to him or her or to such other person as the court may direct.<\/p>\n<p>A person to whom an infringing copy, article or device is delivered up p shall, where an order under as to the disposal of the infringing copy, article or device is not made, retain it pending the making of an order, or the decision not to make an order.<\/p>\n<p>An application may be made to the appropriate court for an order that an infringing copy, article or device delivered up or seized and detained shall be\u2014 \u00a0forfeited to the copyright owner or ) destroyed or otherwise dealt with as the court may direct. The court may make such an order or such other order as it thinks fit. \u00a0In considering what order, if any, should be made, the court shall consider whether other remedies available in an action for infringement of the copyright in a work would be adequate to compensate the copyright owner and to protect his or her interests.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"District_Court_order_of_seizure\"><\/span>District Court order of seizure<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Where the owner of the copyright in a work applies to the District Court, it may, where satisfied that there are reasonable grounds for believing that there are being hawked, carried about or marketed\u2014<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>infringing copies of the work,<\/li>\n<li>articles specifically designed or adapted for making copies of a work, knowing or having reason to believe that it has been or is to be used for making infringing copies of a work, or<\/li>\n<li>protection-defeating devices, authorise by order a member of the Garda S\u00edoch\u00e1na to seize without warrant the copies, articles or devices and to bring them before the District Court.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>On being satisfied that any copy, article or device is an infringing copy, specifically designed or adapted for making copies of a work, which the person hawking, carrying about or marketing those articles knows or has reason to believe that they have been or are to be used to make infringing copies of a work, or a protection-defeating device, the District Court may order the copy, article or device to be destroyed or to be delivered up to the owner of the copyright or otherwise dealt with as the Court may think fit.<\/p>\n<p>Where it would be impracticable for the owner of the copyright in a work to apply to the District Court for an order, a copy, article or device referred to in respect of which the copyright owner would be entitled to apply for an order for delivery up, may be seized and detained by the copyright owner or a designated representative thereof where the copy, article or device is found being hawked, carried about or marketed.<\/p>\n<p>Thus right to seize and detain) is exercisable, is subject to any decision of the court relating to the disposal of infringing copies, articles or devices. Other conditions apply. A person who seizes any infringing copies, articles or devices under this section shall apply to the District Court for an order to dispose of those copies, articles or devices within 30 days of the seizure.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"DC_Process\"><\/span>DC Process<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Before any infringing copies, articles or devices are seized, notice of the time and place of the proposed seizure shall be given to a member of the Garda S\u00edoch\u00e1na in the District Court Area in which the copies, articles or devices are to be seized. \u00a0A person exercising the right to seize and detain) may enter premises to which members of the public have access.<\/p>\n<p>A person exercising the right to seize and detain) may not seize anything in the possession, custody or control of a person at his or her permanent or regular place of business, trade or profession, and may not use any force.<\/p>\n<p>A person exercising the right to seize and detain\u00a0 may make an inventory or prepare other evidence of infringement of copyright or potential infringement of copyright.) At the time when any infringing copies, articles or devices are seized there shall be given to the owner, occupier or person in charge of the place where the copies, articles or devices have seised a notice, in the prescribed form, informing the person of the right of the owner of the copies, articles or devices being seized to apply to the District Court for the return of the copies, articles or devices on the grounds that they are not\u2014<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>infringing copies of a work,<\/li>\n<li>articles that have been or are to be used to make infringing copies, or<\/li>\n<li>protection-defeating devices.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Procdure\"><\/span>Procdure<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The owner of any copies, articles or devices seized under this section may apply to the District Court for the return of those copies, articles or devices. Where there has been an exercise of the right to seize and detain, the court may, on the application of a person aggrieved by it, award damages against a person who exercises that right as it considers just, on being satisfied that) no infringement of copyright has been established, and (the person had no reasonable grounds for such seizure. Rights of owner of copyright in respect of infringing copy.<\/p>\n<p>A person who, for financial gain, makes a claim to enjoy search and seizure rights which is, and which he or she knows or has reason to believe is, false, shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable on conviction on indictment to a fine, not exceeding\u20ac130,000, or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 5 years, or both.<\/p>\n<p>If the court finds that has been an infringement of intellectual property rights involving goods, the rights of the owner may apply to the court for an order requiring the defendant to take appropriate measures at its expense in relation to the goods and any material used in the creation of manufacture including further destruction recall and removal of channels of commerce.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Criminal_Issues\"><\/span>Criminal Issues<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>It is an offence criminal offence to undertake any of the following without the consent of the copyright owner<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>making infringing copies available for sale, rent or loan;<\/li>\n<li>offering, exposing, selling or importing infringing copies into the State in the course of business;<\/li>\n<li>having infringing copies in one&#8217;s possession or control or making available then to the public;<\/li>\n<li>making infringing copies available to the public otherwise than in the course of business, thereby prejudicing the interests of copyright holders<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>It is a criminal offence to possess, sell, rent or import articles designed to facilitate copying or protection defeating devices knowing or having reason to believe it has been used is to be used in making infringing copies. \u00a0It is an offence for a person to cause a work to be performed a broadcast that includes a cable programme in the case of public performance playing or broadcasting works is guilty of an offence.<\/p>\n<p>In criminal proceedings, the court may order delivery of infringing copies or detection-avoiding devices. Search warrants may issue for seizures of suspected infringing copies and other material suspected to be linked to a breach of copyright.<\/p>\n<p><!--nextpage--><\/p>\n<h2>COPYRIGHT ACT<\/h2>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"191\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"419\">Chapter 9<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4><em>Remedies: Copyright Owner<\/em><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"191\">\n<h4><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"419\"><strong>127.<\/strong>\u2014(1) An infringement of the copyright in a work is actionable by the copyright owner.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"191\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"419\">(2) In an action for infringement of the copyright in a work under this section, all relief by way of damages, injunction, account of profits or otherwise is available to the plaintiff as it is available in respect of the infringement of any other property right.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"191\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"419\">(3) Subject to <em>section 139 <\/em>, where in an action for infringement of the copyright in a work the defendant does not admit that the plaintiff is the owner of the copyright the court may direct that evidence in relation to ownership of the copyright be given on affidavit and the court may decide the<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"172\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"437\">issue having considered any affidavit presented to it unless it is satisfied that any conflict of evidence between the affidavits may not be resolved other than by hearing oral testimony in which case the court may order that oral evidence may be adduced.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"172\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"437\">(4) Hearsay evidence may be accepted for the purposes of any hearing under <em>subsection (3)<\/em>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"172\">\n<h4>Equitable remuneration: reference of determination of amount to Controller.<\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"437\"><strong>128.<\/strong>\u2014(1) The court may, in an action for infringement of copyright award such damages as, having regard to all the circumstances of the case, it considers just.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"172\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"437\">(2) Without prejudice to any other remedy, where, in an action for infringement of the copyright in a work, it is shown that at the time of the infringement the defendant did not know and had no reason to believe that copyright subsisted in the work to which the action relates, the plaintiff is not entitled to damages against the defendant.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"172\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"437\">(3) In exercising its powers under <em>subsection (1) <\/em>in addition to or as an alternative to compensating the plaintiff for financial loss, the court may award aggravated or exemplary damages or both aggravated and exemplary damages.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"172\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"437\"><strong>129.<\/strong>\u2014In an action for infringement of the copyright in respect of the construction of a building no injunction or other order shall be made\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"172\">\n<h4>Action in respect of construction of building<\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"437\">(<em>a<\/em>) after the construction of the building has begun, so as to prevent it from being completed, or<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"172\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"437\">(<em>b<\/em>) so as to require the building, in so far as it has been constructed, to be demolished.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"172\">\n<h4>Infringement actionable by copyright owner.<\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"437\"><strong>130.<\/strong>\u2014(1) Where, in proceedings for infringement of the copyright in a work in respect of which a licence is available as of right, the defendant undertakes to take a licence on such terms as may be agreed or, in default of agreement, settled by the Controller\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"172\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"437\">(<em>a<\/em>) no injunction shall be granted against the defendant,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"172\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"437\">(<em>b<\/em>) no order for delivery up shall be made under <em>section 131 <\/em>, and<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"172\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"437\">(<em>c<\/em>) the amount recoverable against the defendant by way of damages or on an account of profits shall not exceed three times the amount which would have been payable by the defendant as licensee where a licence on those terms had been granted before the earliest infringement.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"193\">Award of damages in infringement action.<\/td>\n<td width=\"416\">(2) An undertaking under <em>subsection (1) <\/em>may be given at any time before the final order in the proceedings without any admission of liability.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"193\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"416\">(3) Nothing in this section shall affect the remedies available in respect of an infringement committed before a licence was<\/p>\n<p>available as of right.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"193\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"416\"><strong>131.<\/strong>\u2014(1) Where a person\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"193\">.<\/td>\n<td width=\"416\">(<em>a<\/em>) in the course of a business, trade or profession, has in his or her possession, custody or control an infringing copy of a work,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"193\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"416\">(<em>b<\/em>) has in his or her possession, custody or control an article specifically designed or adapted for making copies of a copyright work, knowing or having reason to believe that it has been or is to be used to make infringing copies, or<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"193\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"416\">(<em>c<\/em>) has in his or her possession, custody or control a protection-defeating device,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"193\">\n<h4>Undertakings concerning licences of right.<\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"416\">the owner of the copyright in the work may apply to the appropriate court for an order that the infringing copy, article or device be delivered up to him or her or to such other person as the court may direct.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"193\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"416\">(2) An application under <em>subsection (1) <\/em>shall not be made after the expiration of the period specified in <em>section 144 (1) <\/em>as being the limit of the period for delivery up and no order shall be made unless the court also makes, or it appears to the court that there are grounds for making, an order as to the disposal of the infringing copy, article or device.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"193\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"416\">(3) A person to whom an infringing copy, article or device is delivered up pursuant to an order made under this section shall, where an order under <em>section 145 <\/em>as to the disposal of the infringing copy, article or device is not made, retain it pending the making of an order, or the decision not to make an order, under that section.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"193\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"416\"><strong>132.<\/strong>\u2014(1) Without prejudice to <em>section 133 <\/em>, where the owner of the copyright in a work applies to the District Court, it may, where satisfied that there are reasonable grounds for believing that there are being hawked, carried about or marketed\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"193\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"416\">(<em>a<\/em>) infringing copies of the work,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"193\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"416\">(<em>b<\/em>) articles specifically designed or adapted for making copies of a work, knowing or having reason to believe that it has been or is to be used for making infringing copies of a work, or<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"194\">\n<h4>Order for delivery up.<\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"416\">(<em>c<\/em>) protection-defeating devices,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"194\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"416\">authorise by order a member of the Garda S\u00edoch\u00e1na to seize without warrant the copies, articles or devices and to bring them before the District Court.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"194\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"416\">(2) On being satisfied that any copy, article or device referred to in <em>subsection (1) <\/em>is\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"194\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"416\">(<em>a<\/em>) an infringing copy,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"194\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"416\">(<em>b<\/em>) articles specifically designed or adapted for making copies of a work, which the person hawking, carrying about or marketing those articles, knows or has reason to believe that they have been or are to be used to make infringing copies of a work, or<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"194\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"416\">(<em>c<\/em>) a protection-defeating device,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"194\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"416\">the District Court may order the copy, article or device to be destroyed or to be delivered up to the owner of the copyright or otherwise dealt with as the Court may think fit.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"194\">\n<h4>Application to District Court for seizure of infringing copies, articles or devices.<\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"416\">(3) In an application to the District Court under <em>subsection<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>(1) <\/em>or, in any <em>ex parte <\/em>application or interlocutory motion to a court of competent jurisdiction for an order which would permit the applicant to enter and search premises or place specified therein and take possession of material found therein on terms set out in such order, the court hearing such an application may receive hearsay evidence to the effect that the witness or deponent believes that the material may be found in a particular location.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"194\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"416\">(4) A witness or deponent shall not be obliged to indicate the source of the information upon which that witness formed the belief that material may be found in a particular location.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"194\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"416\">(5) After the implementation of an order made under this section, the court may, on the application of a person aggrieved by it, award damages against the applicant for the order as it considers just, on being satisfied that\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"194\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"416\">(<em>a<\/em>) no infringement of copyright has been established, and<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"194\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"416\">(<em>b<\/em>) the information on which the copyright owner applied for the order was given maliciously.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"194\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"416\"><strong>133.<\/strong>\u2014(1) Where it would be impracticable for the owner of the copyright in a work to apply to the District Court for an order under <em>section 132 <\/em>, a copy, article or device referred to in <em>section 132 (1) <\/em>in respect of which the copyright owner would<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"417\">be entitled to apply for an order for delivery up under <em>section 131 <\/em>, may be seized and detained by the copyright owner or a designated representative thereof where the copy, article or device is found being hawked, carried about or marketed.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"417\">(2) The right to seize and detain conferred by <em>subsection (1) <\/em>is exercisable, subject to <em>subsections (4) <\/em>to <em>(8) <\/em>of this section, and is subject to any decision of the court relating to disposal of infringing copies, articles or devices under <em>section 145 <\/em>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"417\">(3) A person who seizes any infringing copies, articles or devices under this section shall apply to the District Court for an order to dispose of those copies, articles or devices within 30 days of the seizure.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"417\">(4) Before any infringing copies, articles or devices are seized under this section notice of the time and place of the proposed seizure shall be given to a member of the Garda S\u00edoch\u00e1na in the District Court Area in which the copies, articles or devices are to be seized.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"417\">(5) A person exercising the right to seize and detain conferred by <em>subsection (1) <\/em>may enter premises to which members of the public have access.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"417\">(6) A person exercising the right to seize and detain conferred by <em>subsection (1) <\/em>may not seize anything in the possession, custody or control of a person at his or her permanent or regular place of business, trade or profession, and may not use any force.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"417\">(7) Without prejudice to the generality of <em>subsection (6)<\/em>, a person exercising the right to seize and detain conferred by <em>subsection (1) <\/em>may make an inventory or prepare other evidence of infringement of copyright or potential infringement of copyright.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"417\">(8) At the time when any infringing copies, articles or devices are seized under this section there shall be given to the owner, occupier or person in charge of the place where the copies, articles or devices are seized a notice, in the prescribed form, informing the person of the right of the owner of the copies, articles or devices being seized to apply to the District Court for the return of the copies, articles or devices on the grounds that they are not\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"417\">(<em>a<\/em>) infringing copies of a work,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"417\">(<em>b<\/em>) articles that have been or are to be used to make infringing copies, or<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"189\">\n<h4>Right of copyright owner to seize infringing copies, articles or devices, etc.<\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"419\">(<em>c<\/em>) protection-defeating devices.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"189\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"419\">(9) Without prejudice to the generality of <em>subsection (8)<\/em>, the Minister shall prescribe the form of the notice to be given under that subsection and the form shall specify\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"189\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"419\">(<em>a<\/em>) the name and the address of the person claiming to be the owner of the copyright in the work concerned,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"189\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"419\">(<em>b<\/em>) the statutory authority for the seizure,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"189\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"419\">(<em>c<\/em>) the grounds that the person seizing the copies, articles or devices has for such seizure, and<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"189\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"419\">(<em>d<\/em>) a list of that which is seized.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"189\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"419\">(10) The owner of any copies, articles or devices seized under this section may apply to the District Court for the return of those copies, articles or devices.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"189\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"419\">(11) Rules of court shall be made under this section and the rules shall provide for procedures to enable applications to be made and dealt with in an expeditious manner.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"189\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"419\">(12) Where there has been an exercise of the right to seize and detain, conferred by <em>subsection (1)<\/em>, the court may, on the application of a person aggrieved by it, award damages against a person who exercises that right as it considers just, on being satisfied that\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"189\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"419\">(<em>a<\/em>) no infringement of copyright has been established, and<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"189\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"419\">(<em>b<\/em>) the person had no reasonable grounds for such seizure.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"189\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"419\"><strong>134.<\/strong>\u2014(1) Subject to the provisions of this Act, the owner of any copyright shall be entitled to all such rights and remedies, in respect of the conversion or detention by any person of\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"189\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"419\">(<em>a<\/em>) infringing copies of a work,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"189\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"419\">(<em>b<\/em>) articles that have been or are to be used to make infringing copies, or<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"189\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"419\">(<em>c<\/em>) protection-defeating devices,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"189\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"419\">as he or she would be entitled to if he or she were the owner of every such copy, article or device and had been the owner thereof since the time when it was made.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"189\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"419\">(2) Where by virtue of section 12(2) (which relates to successive conversions or detentions) of the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.irishstatutebook.ie\/1957\/en\/act\/pub\/0006\/index.html\">Statute<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.irishstatutebook.ie\/1957\/en\/act\/pub\/0006\/index.html\">of Limitations, 1957<\/a> , the title of the owner of the copyright to such a copy, article or device referred<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"200\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"407\">to in <em>subsection (1) <\/em>of this section would (if he or she had been the owner of the copy, article or device) have been extinguished on the expiration of the period referred to in the said subsection (2), he or she shall not be entitled to any rights or remedies under <em>subsection (1) <\/em>of this section in respect of anything done in relation to that copy, article or device after the expiration of that period.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"607\">(3) In awarding damages for conversion, the court shall take into account all the circumstances of the case and shall award such sum as it considers just.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"200\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"407\">Chapter 10<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4><em>Rights and Remedies: Exclusive Licensee<\/em><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"200\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"407\"><strong>135.<\/strong>\u2014(1) An exclusive licensee has, except as against the copyright owner, the same rights and remedies in respect of matters occurring after the grant of the licence as if the licence had been an assignment.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"200\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"407\">(2) The rights and remedies of an exclusive licensee are concurrent with those of the copyright owner and references in <em>sections 127 <\/em>to <em>134 <\/em>to the copyright owner shall be construed accordingly.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"200\">\n<h4>Rights of owner of copyright in respect of infringing copy.<\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"407\">(3) In proceedings brought by an exclusive licensee under this section a defendant may avail of any defence which would have been available to the defendant if the action had been brought by the copyright owner.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"607\"><strong>136.<\/strong>\u2014(1) Where an action for infringement of the copyright in a work brought by the copyright owner or an exclusive licensee relates, whether in whole or in part, to an infringement in respect of which they have concurrent rights of action, the copyright owner or, as the case may be, the exclusive licensee, may not, without the leave of the appropriate court, proceed with the action unless the other is either joined as a plaintiff or added as a defendant.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"607\">(2) A copyright owner or exclusive licensee who is added as a defendant under <em>subsection (1) <\/em>shall not be liable for any costs in an action unless he or she takes part in the proceedings.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"607\">(3) Nothing in this section shall affect the granting of interlocutory relief on an application by the copyright owner or exclusive licensee.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"200\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"407\">(4) Where an action for infringement of copyright is brought which relates, whether in whole or in part, to an infringement in respect of which the copyright owner and an exclusive licensee have or had<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" width=\"196\"><\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"414\">concurrent rights of action, then, the following shall apply\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" width=\"196\"><\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"414\">(<em>a<\/em>) in assessing damages the appropriate court shall have regard to\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" width=\"196\"><\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"414\">(i) the terms of the licence, and<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" width=\"196\"><\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"414\">(ii) any pecuniary remedy already awarded or available to either of them in respect of the infringement;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" width=\"196\">\n<h4>Rights and remedies of exclusive licensee.<\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"414\">(<em>b<\/em>) no account of profits shall be directed where an award of damages has been made, or an account of profits has been directed, in favour of one of them in respect of the infringement;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" width=\"196\"><\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"414\">(<em>c<\/em>) the appropriate court shall, where an account of profits is directed, apportion the profits between them as the court thinks fit, subject to any agreement between the copyright owner and the exclusive licensee.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" width=\"196\"><\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"414\">(5) <em>Subsection (4) <\/em>shall apply whether or not the copyright owner and the exclusive licensee are both parties to the action.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" width=\"196\">\n<h4>Exercise of concurrent rights.<\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"414\">(6) Before\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" width=\"196\"><\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"414\">(<em>a<\/em>) applying for an order for delivery up under <em>section 131 <\/em>,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" width=\"196\"><\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"414\">(<em>b<\/em>) applying for an order to seize infringing copies, articles or devices under <em>section 132 <\/em>, or<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" width=\"196\"><\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"414\">(<em>c<\/em>) exercising the right to seize and detain conferred by<\/p>\n<p><em>section 133 ,<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" width=\"196\"><\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"414\">the copyright owner shall notify any exclusive licensee having concurrent rights and the court may, on the application of the licensee, make such order for delivery up, seizure of infringing copies, articles or devices or, as the case may be, prohibiting or permitting the exercise by the copyright owner of the right of seizure and detention as it thinks fit, having regard to the terms of the licence between the copyright owner and the exclusive licensee.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"23\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"88\"><\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"497\">Chapter 12<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4><em>Presumptions<\/em><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"2\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"23\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"88\">Presumptions.<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"497\"><strong>139.<\/strong>\u2014(1) The presumptions specified in this section shall apply in any proceedings, whether civil or criminal, for infringement of the copyright in any work.<\/td>\n<td width=\"2\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"23\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"88\"><\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"497\">(2) Copyright shall be presumed to subsist in a work until the contrary is proved.<\/td>\n<td width=\"2\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"23\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"88\"><\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"497\">(3) Except as otherwise provided in this section, where the subsistence of the copyright in a work is proved or admitted, or is presumed under<\/td>\n<td width=\"2\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"19\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"86\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"70\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"369\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"2\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"504\"><em>subsection (2)<\/em>, the plaintiff shall be presumed to be the owner or, as the case may be, the exclusive licensee of the copyright, until the contrary is proved.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"504\">(4) Where<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"504\">(<em>a<\/em>) a name purporting to be that of the author of a work or of the owner or exclusive licensee of the copyright, as the case may be, appears on copies of the work, or<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"504\">(<em>b<\/em>) a copy of a work bears or incorporates a statement, label or other mark indicating that a person is the author of the work or the owner or exclusive licensee of the copyright, as the case may be,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"504\">that name, statement, label or mark shall be admissible as evidence of the fact stated or indicated which shall be presumed to be correct, unless the contrary is proved.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"504\">(5) The person named or in respect of whom a statement, label or other mark appears on or is borne on or is incorporated in copies of a work in accordance with <em>subsection (4) <\/em>shall, unless the contrary is proved, be presumed not to have made the work\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"504\">(<em>a<\/em>) in the course of employment referred to in <em>section 23 (1)(a)<\/em>,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"504\">(<em>b<\/em>) in the course of employment as an officer or employee of a prescribed international organisation referred to in <em>section 196 <\/em>,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"504\">(<em>c<\/em>) in the course of employment as an officer or employee of the Government or of the State referred to in <em>section 191 <\/em>,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"504\">(<em>d<\/em>) under the direction or control of either or both of the Houses of the Oireachtas referred to in <em>section 193 <\/em>, or<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"504\">(<em>e<\/em>) in circumstances in which the copyright in the work is conferred on another person by an enactment referred to in <em>section 23 (1)(d)<\/em>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"504\">(6) Where a work purports to be a work of joint authorship, <em>subsections (2), (3), (4) <\/em>and <em>(5) <\/em>shall apply in relation to each person purporting to be one of the authors of the work.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"504\">(7) Where no name purporting to be that of the author of the work or of the owner or exclusive licensee of the copyright, as the case may be, appears on the work or where the work does not bear or incorporate a statement, label or other mark in accordance with <em>subsection (4) <\/em>and\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"504\">(<em>a<\/em>) the work qualifies for copyright protection by reference to the country, territory, state or area, in which it was first lawfully made available to the public, and<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"504\">(<em>b<\/em>) (i) a name purporting to be that of the person who first lawfully made available to the public the work appears on copies of the work as first so made available, or<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"504\">(ii) copies of the work bear or incorporate a statement, label or other mark indicating that a named person first lawfully made available to the public the work,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"504\">then, that named person shall be presumed to have been the author of the work or the owner or exclusive licensee of the copyright, as the case may be, at the time when the work was first lawfully made available to the public, unless the contrary is proved.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"504\">(8) Where the author of the work is dead or the identity of the author cannot be ascertained by reasonable enquiry, it shall be presumed, unless the contrary is proved\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"504\">(<em>a<\/em>) that the work is an original work, and<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"504\">(<em>b<\/em>) that the claims made by the plaintiff as to the date on which the work was first lawfully made available to the public and as to the country, territory, state or area in which the work was first so made available are correct.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"504\">(9) The presumptions set out in <em>subsections (2) <\/em>to <em>(8) <\/em>shall apply to the same extent in any actions relating to an infringement which occurred before the date on which copies of a work were first lawfully made available to the public.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"84\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"513\">Chapter 13<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4><em>Offences: Copyright<\/em><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"84\">\n<h4>Offences.<\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"513\"><strong>140.<\/strong>\u2014(1) A person who, without the consent of the copyright owner\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"84\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"513\">(<em>a<\/em>) makes for sale, rental or loan,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"84\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"513\">(<em>b<\/em>) sells, rents or lends, or offers or exposes for sale, rental or loan,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"84\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"513\">(<em>c<\/em>) imports into the State, otherwise than for his or her private and domestic use,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"84\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"513\">(<em>d<\/em>) in the course of a business, trade or profession, has in his or her possession, custody or control, or makes available to the public, or<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"84\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"513\">(<em>e<\/em>) otherwise than in the course of a business, trade or profession, makes available to the public to such an extent as to prejudice the interests of the owner of the copyright,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"84\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"513\">a copy of a work which is, and which he or she knows or has reason to believe is, an infringing copy of the work, shall be guilty of an offence.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"84\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"513\">(2) In this section \u201cloan\u201d means a loan for reward and in particular does not include a loan to a family member or friend for private and domestic use, and \u201clends\u201d shall be construed accordingly.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"503\">(3) A person who\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"503\">(<em>a<\/em>) makes,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"503\">(<em>b<\/em>) sells, rents or lends, or offers or exposes for sale, rental or loan,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"503\">(<em>c<\/em>) imports into the State, or<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"503\">(<em>d<\/em>) has in his or her possession, custody or control,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"503\">an article specifically designed or adapted for making copies of a work, knowing or having reason to believe that it has been or is to be used to make infringing copies, shall be guilty of an offence.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"503\">(4) A person who\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"503\">(<em>a<\/em>) (i) makes,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"503\">(ii) sells, rents or lends, or offers or exposes for sale, rental or loan,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"503\">(iii) imports into the State, or<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"503\">(iv) has in his or her possession, custody or control,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"503\">a protection-defeating device, knowing or having reason to believe that it has been or is to be used to circumvent rights protection measures, or<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"503\">(<em>b<\/em>) provides information, or offers or performs any service, intended to enable or assist a person to circumvent rights protection measures,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"503\">shall be guilty of an offence.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"503\">(5) Where copyright is infringed by\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"503\">(<em>a<\/em>) the public performance of a literary, dramatic or musical work,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"503\">(<em>b<\/em>) the playing or showing in public of a sound recording, artistic work, original database or film, or<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"503\">(<em>c<\/em>) broadcasting a work or including a work in a cable programme service,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"503\">the person who caused the work to be so performed, played, broadcast, included in a cable programme service or shown shall be guilty of an offence where he or she knew or had reason to believe that the copyright in the work would be infringed.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"503\">(6) An offence shall not be committed under <em>subsection (1) <\/em>or <em>(5) <\/em>by the undertaking of an act which under this Part may be undertaken without infringing the copyright in a work.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"503\">(7) A person guilty of an offence under <em>subsection (1), (3) <\/em>or <em>(4) <\/em>shall be liable\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"90\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"507\">(<em>a<\/em>) on summary conviction, to a <span style=\"text-decoration: line-through;\">fine not exceeding \u00a31,500<\/span> class C fine<sup>104<\/sup> in respect of each infringing copy, article or device, or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 12 months, or both, or<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"90\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"507\">(<em>b<\/em>) on conviction on indictment, to a fine not exceeding <span style=\"text-decoration: line-through;\">\u00a3100,000<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u20ac130,000<sup>105<\/sup>, or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 5 years, or both.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"90\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"507\">(8) A person guilty of an offence under <em>subsection (5) <\/em>shall be liable\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"90\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"507\">(<em>a<\/em>) on summary conviction, to a <span style=\"text-decoration: line-through;\">fine not exceeding \u00a31,500<\/span> class C fine<sup>106<\/sup> in respect of such offence or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 12 months, or both, or<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"90\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"507\">(<em>b<\/em>) on conviction on indictment, to a fine not exceeding <span style=\"text-decoration: line-through;\">\u00a3100,000<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u20ac130,000<sup>107<\/sup>, or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 5 years, or both.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"90\">\n<h4>False claims of copyright<\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"507\"><strong>141.<\/strong>\u2014A person who, for financial gain, makes a claim to enjoy a right under this Part which is, and which he or she knows or has reason to believe is, false, shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable on conviction on indictment to a fine not exceeding <span style=\"text-decoration: line-through;\">\u00a3100,000<\/span> \u20ac130,000<sup>108<\/sup>, or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 5 years, or both.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"90\">\n<h4>Order for delivery up in criminal proceedings.<\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"507\"><strong>142.<\/strong>\u2014(1) The court may, on conviction of a person or being satisfied that there is a <em>prima facie <\/em>case to answer, where the court is satisfied that at the time of the arrest or charge the person had in his or her possession, custody or control\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"90\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"507\">(<em>a<\/em>) in the course of a business, trade or profession, a copy of a work, knowing or having reason to believe it to be an infringing copy,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"90\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"507\">(<em>b<\/em>) an article specifically designed or adapted for making copies of a work, knowing or having reason to believe that it had been or was to be used to make infringing copies, or<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"90\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"507\">(<em>c<\/em>) a protection-defeating device,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"90\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"507\">order that the infringing copy, article or device be delivered up to the copyright owner or to such other person as the court may direct.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"90\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"507\">(2) An order may be made by the court of its own motion, or on the application of the person bringing a prosecution, and may be made whether or not the person is convicted of the offence, but shall not be made\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"90\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"507\">(<em>a<\/em>) after the expiration of the period specified in <em>section 144 (3) <\/em>as being the limit of the period for delivery up, or<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"120\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><sup>104<\/sup> Amended by the Copyright and Other Intellectual Property Provisions Act 2019<\/p>\n<p><sup>105<\/sup> Amended by the Copyright and Other Intellectual Property Provisions Act 2019<\/p>\n<p><sup>106<\/sup> Amended by the Copyright and Other Intellectual Property Provisions Act 2019<\/p>\n<p><sup>107<\/sup> Amended by the Copyright and Other Intellectual Property Provisions Act 2019<\/p>\n<p><sup>108<\/sup> Amended by the Copyright and Other Intellectual Property Provisions Act 2019<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"93\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"502\">(<em>b<\/em>) where it appears to the court unlikely that any order will be made as to the disposal of the infringing copies, articles or devices.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"93\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"502\">(3) A person to whom an infringing copy, article or device is delivered up pursuant to an order made under this section shall retain it pending the making of a final order or decision not to make an order, as the case may be.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"93\">\n<h4>Search warrants and seizure.<\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"502\"><strong>143.<\/strong>\u2014(1) Where a judge of the District Court is satisfied by information on oath that there are reasonable grounds for suspecting\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"93\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"502\">(<em>a<\/em>) that an offence under <em>section 140 <\/em>has been, or is about to be, committed in, on or at any premises or place, and<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"93\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"502\">(<em>b<\/em>) that evidence that such an offence has been, or is about to be, committed is in on or at those premises or that place,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"93\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"502\">the court may issue a warrant authorising a member of the Garda S\u00edoch\u00e1na, accompanied by such other members of the Garda S\u00edoch\u00e1na or other person or persons as that member thinks proper, at any time or times within 28 days from the date of the issue of the warrant on production, where requested, of that warrant, to enter and search the premises or place specified in the warrant using reasonable force where necessary, and to do all or any of the following acts:<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"93\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"502\">(i) to seize any copies of any works, articles or devices in respect of which he or she has reasonable grounds for suspecting that an offence under <em>section 140 <\/em>has been or is about to be committed;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"93\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"502\">(ii) to make an inventory or prepare other evidence of infringement of copyright or potential infringement of copyright;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"93\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"502\">(iii) to seize anything found there which he or she believes on reasonable grounds may be required to be used in evidence in any proceedings brought in respect of an offence under this Act;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"93\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"502\">(iv) to require any person found there to give his or her name and address.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"93\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"502\">(2) A warrant issued under this section may authorise persons, including the copyright owner or designated representative thereof, to accompany and assist any member of the Garda S\u00edoch\u00e1na in executing the warrant or in collating any inventory or other evidence.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"93\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"502\">(3) A person who\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"93\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"502\">(<em>a<\/em>) obstructs or interferes with a person acting under the authority of a warrant issued under this section,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"93\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"502\">(<em>b<\/em>) is found in, on or at the premises or place specified in the warrant by a member of the Garda S\u00edoch\u00e1na acting as aforesaid and who fails or refuses to give the member his or her name and address when required to do so or gives a name or address that is false or misleading,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"95\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"503\">(<em>c<\/em>) obstructs the exercise of an authority conferred by a warrant under this section, or<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"95\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"503\">(<em>d<\/em>) fails or refuses to give information to a member of the Garda S\u00edoch\u00e1na when requested to do so under this section,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"95\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"503\">shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable on summary conviction to a <span style=\"text-decoration: line-through;\">fine not exceeding \u00a31,500<\/span> class C fine<sup>109<\/sup>, or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 12 months, or both.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"95\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"503\">Chapter 14<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4><em>Delivery up and Disposal<\/em><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"95\">Period after<\/td>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" width=\"503\"><strong>144.<\/strong>\u2014(1) Subject to <em>subsection (2)<\/em>, an application for an order under <em>section 131 <\/em>may not be made after the expiration of 6 years from the date on which the infringing copy, article or device was made.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"95\">which remedy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"95\">for delivery up<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"95\">is not available.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"95\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"503\">(2) Where, during the whole or any part of the period referred to in<\/p>\n<p><em>subsection (1)<\/em>, the copyright owner\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"95\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"503\">(<em>a<\/em>) is under a disability, or<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"95\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"503\">(<em>b<\/em>) is prevented by fraud or concealment from discovering the facts entitling him or her to apply for an order,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"95\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"503\">an application under <em>section 131 <\/em>may be made at any time before the expiration of 6 years from the date on which the applicant ceased to be under a disability, or, as the case may be, could, with reasonable diligence, have discovered those facts.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"95\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"503\">(3) An order for delivery up in criminal proceedings under <em>section 142 <\/em>shall not, in any case, be made after the expiration of 6 years from the date on which the proceedings under that section were initiated.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"95\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"503\">(4) Where, in any proceedings for an order for delivery up under <em>section 131 <\/em>or <em>142<\/em>, the date of the making of the infringing copy, article or device is put into question by the defendant, the onus of proof shall be on the defendant that the infringing copy, article or device was made more than 6 years before the date on which an application for an order under <em>section 131 <\/em>was made or proceedings under <em>section 142 <\/em>were initiated.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"95\">Order as to<\/td>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" width=\"503\"><strong>145.<\/strong>\u2014(1) An application may be made to the appropriate court for an order that an infringing copy, article or device\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"95\">disposal of<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"95\">infringing copy,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"95\">article or device.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"95\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"503\">(<em>a<\/em>) delivered up under <em>section 131 <\/em>or <em>142 <\/em>, or<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"95\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"503\">(<em>b<\/em>) seized and detained under <em>section 132 <\/em>or <em>143 <\/em>,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"95\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"503\">shall be\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"120\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><sup>109<\/sup> Amended by the Copyright and Other Intellectual Property Provisions Act 2019<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"90\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"507\">(i) forfeited to the copyright owner, or<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"90\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"507\">(ii) destroyed or otherwise dealt with as the court may direct,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"90\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"507\">and the court may make such an order or such other order as it thinks fit.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"90\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"507\">(2) In considering what order, if any, should be made under <em>subsection (1)<\/em>, the court shall consider whether other remedies available in an action for infringement of the copyright in a work would be adequate to compensate the copyright owner and to protect his or her interests.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"90\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"507\">(3) Provision shall be made by rules of the court as to the service of notice on persons having an interest in the copies, articles or devices concerned, and any such person may\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"90\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"507\">(<em>a<\/em>) appear in proceedings for an order under this section whether or not he or she was served with notice, or<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"90\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"507\">(<em>b<\/em>) appeal against any order made, whether or not he or she appeared in the proceedings concerned.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"90\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"507\">(4) An order made under this section shall not take effect until the expiration of the period within which notice of an appeal may be given or, where before the expiration of that period notice of appeal is duly given, until the final determination or abandonment of the proceedings on the appeal.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"90\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"507\">(5) Where there is more than one person interested in a copy, article or device, the court shall make such order as it thinks fit and may direct the copy, article or device to be sold or otherwise dealt with and any proceeds divided in accordance with the direction of the court.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"90\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"507\">(6) Where the court decides that no order shall be made under this section, the person who had the copy, article or device in his or her possession, custody or control immediately before it was delivered up or seized shall be entitled to its return.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"90\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"507\">(7) References in this section to a person having an interest in a copy, article or device include any person in whose favour an order may be made under this section in respect of the copy, article or device or under <em>section 264 <\/em>or under section 23 of the Trade Marks Act, 1996 .<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"90\">Amendment to section 23 of Trade Marks Act, 1996.<\/td>\n<td width=\"507\"><strong>146.<\/strong>\u2014 Section 23 of the Trade Marks Act, 1996 , is hereby amended by the substitution of the following subsection for subsection (6) of that section:<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"90\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"507\">\u201c(6) References in this section to a person having an interest in goods, material or articles include references to any person in whose favour an order could have been made under <em>sections 145 <\/em>and <em>264 <\/em>of the <em>Copyright and Related Rights Act, 2000<\/em>.\u201d.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"90\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"507\">Chapter 15<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4><em>Provision for Preventing Importation<\/em><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"92\">Infringing<\/td>\n<td rowspan=\"6\" width=\"503\"><strong>147.<\/strong>\u2014(1) The owner of the copyright in a work may give notice in writing to the Revenue Commissioners\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"92\">copies, articles<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"92\">or devices may<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"92\">be treated as<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"92\">prohibited<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"92\">goods.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"92\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"503\">(<em>a<\/em>) that he or she is the owner of the copyright in the work, and<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"92\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"503\">(<em>b<\/em>) that he or she requests the Revenue Commissioners for a period specified in the notice to treat as prohibited goods\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"92\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"503\">(i) copies of the work which are infringing copies,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"92\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"503\">(ii) articles specifically designed or adapted or used for making infringing copies of the work, or<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"92\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"503\">(iii) protection-defeating devices.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"92\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"503\">(2) The period specified in a notice given under <em>subsection (1) <\/em>shall not exceed 5 years and in any case shall not extend beyond the period for which copyright is to subsist.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"92\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"503\">(3) The owner of the copyright in a work may give notice in writing to the Revenue Commissioners\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"92\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"503\">(<em>a<\/em>) that he or she is the owner of the copyright in the work,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"92\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"503\">(<em>b<\/em>) that infringing copies, articles or devices referred to in <em>subsection (1)(b) <\/em>are expected to arrive in the State at a time and a place specified in the notice, and<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"92\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"503\">(<em>c<\/em>) that he or she requests the Revenue Commissioners to treat those copies, articles or devices as prohibited goods.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"92\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"503\">(4) When a notice given under <em>subsection (1) <\/em>is in force the importation of goods to which the notice relates, other than copies of a work imported by a person for his or her private and domestic use, is prohibited.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"92\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"503\">(5) Notwithstanding <em>subsection (4) <\/em>or anything contained in the Customs Acts, a person is not, by reason of the prohibition, liable to any penalty under the Customs Acts other than forfeiture of the prohibited goods.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"92\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"503\">(6) In this section \u201cprohibited goods\u201d means counterfeit or pirated goods within the meaning of the European Communities (Counterfeit and Pirated Goods) Regulations, 1996 ( S.I. No. 48 of 1996 ).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"92\">\n<h4>Power of Revenue Commissioners<\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"503\"><strong>148.<\/strong>\u2014(1) The Revenue Commissioners may prescribe the form in which notice is to be given under <em>section 147 <\/em>and require a person giving notice\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"92\">to make<\/td>\n<td width=\"503\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"92\">regulations.<\/td>\n<td width=\"503\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"92\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"503\">(<em>a<\/em>) to furnish the Revenue Commissioners with such evidence as may be prescribed, either on giving notice or when the goods are imported, or at both these times, and<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"92\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"503\">(<em>b<\/em>) to comply with such other conditions as may be prescribed.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"92\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"504\">(2) Regulations made under this section may require a person giving a notice under <em>section 147 <\/em>\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"92\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"504\">(<em>a<\/em>) to pay such fees in respect of the notice as may be specified by the Revenue Commissioners from time to time,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"92\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"504\">(<em>b<\/em>) to give such security as may be specified by the Revenue Commissioners in respect of any liability or expense which the Revenue Commissioners may incur in consequence of the notice given by reason of the detention of any infringing copy, article or device or anything done to any infringing copy, article or device detained, and<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"92\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"504\">(<em>c<\/em>) to indemnify the Revenue Commissioners against any such liability or expense whether security has been given or not.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"92\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"504\">(3) Regulations made under this section may make different provisions in respect of different classes of case to which they apply and may include such incidental and supplementary provisions as the Revenue Commissioners consider expedient from time to time.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"92\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"504\">(4) Any fees paid pursuant to regulations made under this section shall be accounted for in such manner as shall be prescribed by the Minister for Finance.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<!--themify_builder_content-->\n<div id=\"themify_builder_content-13151\" data-postid=\"13151\" class=\"themify_builder_content themify_builder_content-13151 themify_builder tf_clear\">\n    <\/div>\n<!--\/themify_builder_content-->\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Enforcement of Copyright There are a number of mechanisms for the enforcement of copyright.\u00a0 There are both civil actions for infringement and criminal sanctions. An owner of copyright and an exclusive licensee may take infringement proceedings. The right may be exercised by the holder of the copyright. This may be the original copyright holder or [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[171],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13151"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13151"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13151\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":35669,"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13151\/revisions\/35669"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13151"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13151"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13151"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}