{"id":1322,"date":"2021-07-16T21:15:39","date_gmt":"2021-07-16T21:15:39","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/legalblog.ie\/?p=1322"},"modified":"2024-03-21T21:41:55","modified_gmt":"2024-03-21T21:41:55","slug":"criminal-law-and-liablity","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/criminal-law-and-liablity\/","title":{"rendered":"Criminal Liability"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_63 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/criminal-law-and-liablity\/#Crimes\" title=\"Crimes\">Crimes<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/criminal-law-and-liablity\/#Regulatory_and_Minor_Offences\" title=\"Regulatory and Minor Offences\">Regulatory and Minor Offences<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/criminal-law-and-liablity\/#Non_Sentance_Santions\" title=\"Non Sentance Santions\">Non Sentance Santions<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/criminal-law-and-liablity\/#Punishment\" title=\"Punishment\">Punishment<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/criminal-law-and-liablity\/#Forfeiture\" title=\"Forfeiture\">Forfeiture<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/criminal-law-and-liablity\/#Probation\" title=\"Probation\">Probation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/criminal-law-and-liablity\/#Compensation\" title=\"Compensation\">Compensation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/criminal-law-and-liablity\/#Sentencing_and_Courts\" title=\"Sentencing and Courts\">Sentencing and Courts<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/criminal-law-and-liablity\/#Factors_in_Sentencing\" title=\"Factors in Sentencing\">Factors in Sentencing<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/criminal-law-and-liablity\/#Constitutional_Principles\" title=\"Constitutional Principles\">Constitutional Principles<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/criminal-law-and-liablity\/#Degree_of_Proof\" title=\"Degree of Proof\">Degree of Proof<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/criminal-law-and-liablity\/2\/#CRIMINAL_JUSTICE_ACT_2006\" title=\"CRIMINAL JUSTICE ACT 2006\">CRIMINAL JUSTICE ACT 2006<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/criminal-law-and-liablity\/2\/#Criminal_Law_Codification_Advisory_Committee\" title=\"Criminal Law Codification Advisory Committee.\">Criminal Law Codification Advisory Committee.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/criminal-law-and-liablity\/2\/#Functions_of_Committee\" title=\"Functions of Committee.\">Functions of Committee.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/criminal-law-and-liablity\/2\/#Membership_of_Committee\" title=\"Membership of Committee.\">Membership of Committee.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/criminal-law-and-liablity\/2\/#Meetings_and_procedure\" title=\"Meetings and procedure.\">Meetings and procedure.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/criminal-law-and-liablity\/2\/#Programme_of_Work_of_Committee\" title=\"Programme of Work of Committee.\">Programme of Work of Committee.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/criminal-law-and-liablity\/2\/#Funding_of_Committee\" title=\"Funding of Committee.\">Funding of Committee.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/criminal-law-and-liablity\/2\/#Report_of_Committee\" title=\"Report of Committee.\">Report of Committee.<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Crimes\"><\/span>Crimes<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>In its broader sense, criminal law covers what are traditionally called crimes as well as many thousands of regulatory offences that are designed to uphold and enforce certain administrative and regulatory objectives. \u00a0Throughout this guide are numerous references to such offences.<\/p>\n<p>The traditional and well-known crimes typically involve a mental element of deliberate or reckless behaviour. \u00a0In contrast, many regulatory offences are offences of so-called \u201cstrict liability\u201d. \u00a0This means that once the prohibited act takes place, the offence has been committed.\u00a0 There is generally no need to prove a mental element.<\/p>\n<p>It may, in some cases, it may be necessary to show deliberate behaviour or negligence. \u00a0If it can be shown that the action is wholly involuntary, there may be a defence.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Regulatory_and_Minor_Offences\"><\/span>Regulatory and Minor Offences<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>In the case of regulatory offences, it is often provided that a company may be liable. \u00a0It is often also provided, \u00a0that directors, secretaries, officers and managers of the company who knowingly participate in or consent to the behaviour concerned, are also personally liable for the offence.<\/p>\n<p>Despite the distinction between crimes in the traditional sense and non-fault based regulatory offences, the same broad principles of criminal law, criminal procedure and criminal evidence rules apply. \u00a0Every element of the offence must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt. \u00a0Constitutional justice and fair procedures apply to all offence cases. irrespective of whether they might be categorised as crimes or regulatory offences.<\/p>\n<p>Minor offences are heard by the District Court pursuant to its summary criminal jurisdiction and the Circuit Court in the case of prosecutions on indictment. Most regulatory offences may be tried as minor offences only.<\/p>\n<p>Some very serious regulatory offences may be subject to charge on indictment. Many may be subject to charge on indictment or by summary prosecution, where the seriousness of the offence in the particular circumstances will determine which mode of trial applies.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Non_Sentance_Santions\"><\/span>Non Sentance Santions<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>There has been an increasing trend towards the use of non-criminal sanction penalties. Administrative fines may be raised and paid as an alternative to prosecution.<\/p>\n<p>There are cases where forfeiture and deprivations of a licence may take place without a criminal trial. \u00a0For example, a licence to conduct a particular business may be removed for failure to comply with a certain standard. \u00a0This may have a very serious consequence for the individual, but it does not follow that the matter, for example, a disciplinary matter must be heard in a criminal court.<\/p>\n<p>Minor offences such as those for road traffic offences, customs offences, breaches of trademarks and copyrights may involve the forfeiture of goods or of a licence. \u00a0This would not in itself make the proceedings, \u00a0a serious criminal offence if the offence was otherwise minor. This is so, notwithstanding that it may have profound consequences for a particular accused person than say a fine that would exceed that which could be given summarily.<\/p>\n<p>Legislation distinguishes between arrestable and non-arrestable offences. \u00a0Arrestable offences are those with a potential sentence of imprisonment of at least 5 years. \u00a0See the separate chapters on criminal procedure.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Punishment\"><\/span>Punishment<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The principal function of criminal law is to punish and deter. \u00a0Imprisonment removes the capacity to commit further offences, at least during incarceration. \u00a0In theory, punishment carries an element of retribution or making good for the offence.\u00a0 Deterrence is a significant objective. \u00a0\u00a0Rehabilitation of offenders is a further objective.<\/p>\n<p>It is unconstitutional to provide for the death penalty. \u00a0Physical corporal punishment is also prohibited by legislation. \u00a0The more severe form of punishment is imprisonment. \u00a0Imprisonment may be suspended so that if the person is convicted of a further offence or other breaches of condition, the original term of imprisonment applies.<\/p>\n<p>Most criminal sanctions comprise fines or financial penalties. \u00a0The maximum fine is prescribed by statute. \u00a0The Fines Act 2010 has sought to rationalise the positions.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Forfeiture\"><\/span>Forfeiture<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Since the Criminal Assets Bureau and anti-terrorism legislation of the mid-1990s, forfeiture has become increasingly important. \u00a0It is a powerful weapon for State in the fight against organised criminality.<\/p>\n<p>The Criminal Assets Bureau seeks to identify assets that have been purchased from the proceeds of criminal activity. \u00a0There are special procedures, which are civil rather than criminal in nature, \u00a0whereby assets can be forfeited unless they are proved to have a lawful origin. \u00a0The courts have decided that such proceedings are not criminal and do not require trial by jury et cetera.<\/p>\n<p>Community service orders can be levied in lieu of imprisonment. \u00a0The order can be for between 40 and 240 hours of unpaid work under the supervision of a probation officer.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Probation\"><\/span>Probation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Probation has existed as an option for over 100 years. \u00a0One form of probation involves the court deciding that the offence has been committed but because of its opinion that, having regard to the character, antecedents, age, health, or mental condition of the person charged, or to the trivial nature of the offence, or to the extenuating circumstances under which the offence was committed, dismissing the charge with or without conditions as to a recognisance, without recording a conviction.<\/p>\n<p>Where a recognisance is required, the defendant enters a bond to be of good behaviour for up to 3 years. \u00a0If the terms of this bond is breached, the person must appear and may be sentenced for the original offence. The District Court has general powers to bind a defendant over to keep the peace. \u00a0This is equivalent to a conditional discharge.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Compensation\"><\/span>Compensation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Compensation orders may be imposed as an alternative to or in addition to other sanctions.<\/p>\n<p>The Criminal Injuries Compensation Tribunal provides compensation by the State for persons who suffer injuries as a result of criminal activity. \u00a0In the mid-1980s, it was restricted from making awards for pain and suffering. \u00a0Awards are now referable only to quantifiable losses equivalent to special damages in a claim for civil compensation.<\/p>\n<p>Formerly local authorities were obliged to compensate property owners for malicious injuries. \u00a0This is property damage arising from criminal activities.\u00a0 This provision was severely limited in the early 1980s. to malicious damage arising out of riots.<\/p>\n<p>There is power for courts to order convicted persons to pay compensation to the victim of crime. \u00a0This is a factor in sentencing but should not preclude or be an alternative to other appropriate punishment.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Sentencing_and_Courts\"><\/span>Sentencing and Courts<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Sentencing is reserved for the court. \u00a0The courts are obliged to impose penalties that are appropriate and proportionate to the crime. \u00a0It should take account of the particular circumstances of the offence and that of the accused.<\/p>\n<p>There are Constitutional issues in respect of punishment and the trial of offences. \u00a0It is fundamental that a person may only be punished if he has been lawfully convicted of a criminal offence.<\/p>\n<p>It is not permissible to impose a sentence of exceptional length for the purpose of protecting society against the person. \u00a0There have been cases where courts have imposed exceptionally long sentences because the person was assumed to pose a particular danger.\u00a0 However, this while a relevant factor, preventative justice is not permitted under the Constitution.<\/p>\n<p>The legislation provides for mandatory maximum sentences. \u00a0Occasionally, mandatory sentences are provided for in legislation.\u00a0 For example, life imprisonment for murder. \u00a0There is also mandatory sentencing for certain drugs and firearms offences.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Factors_in_Sentencing\"><\/span>Factors in Sentencing<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The court may take account of offences admitted and in this event, a prosecution may not be brought for those offences. \u00a0A higher sentence may be imposed, but it may not be higher than the maximum for the offence for which the defendant has been convicted.<\/p>\n<p>It is possible for the DPP to appeal against an unduly lenient sentence. \u00a0Criminal cases from the Circuit Court and Central Criminal Court may be appealed to the Court of Appeal on the merits or on the issue of sentence.<\/p>\n<p>Judges have wide discretion in relation to sentencing. \u00a0It is a strong principle that the individual sentence is a matter for the judge. Sentences may be imposed concurrently or consecutively.<\/p>\n<p>Generally, a guilty plea is a factor that should mitigate the sentence. \u00a0It should not be an overwhelming factor, but some account or discount will generally be allowed. \u00a0It saves the cost of proceedings and in particular, may save the victim of crime, additional trauma.<\/p>\n<p>The circumstances of the offence may aggravate the position. Past offences, in particular, repeat offences are relevant. \u00a0Although prior offences will not be considered in considering whether the defendant is guilty, they are considered in the context of sentencing.<\/p>\n<p>Generally after conviction for n offence, whether a crime in the traditional sense or a regulatory offence, a plea in mitigation may be made by the defendant\u2019s legal representative. \u00a0This will be done prior to sentencing. \u00a0The plea in mitigation will attempt to describe circumstances that may go in mitigation in the assessment of the sentence.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Constitutional_Principles\"><\/span>Constitutional Principles<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>There are certain fundamental principles of criminal law and procedure reflected in the constitution. \u00a0A person may be tried and punished, only for a clear offence known to law. .\u00a0 An offence must be clear and capable of objective ascertainment. The courts have struck down common law crimes, or offences that were vague and capable of arbitrary subjective assessment<\/p>\n<p>The Constitution provides that crimes cannot be created retrospectively. \u00a0If the behaviour was lawful at the time it cannot be declared criminal after the event.<\/p>\n<p>It is well-established that ignorance of the law is no defence. \u00a0This is despite the fact that in some instances the criminal law is very complex. \u00a0Unlike other countries, there is no criminal code which is available to the public. \u00a0It is intended in due course to provide a consolidated criminal code.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Degree_of_Proof\"><\/span>Degree of Proof<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>It is a fundamental principle in all criminal cases and offences that the onus is on the prosecution to prove every element of the offence beyond a reasonable doubt.\u00a0 It is a matter for the defendant to prove defences. A defendant is entitled to be acquitted if he can raise a reasonable doubt. A defence needs to only be proved on the balance of probabilities.<\/p>\n<p>In many regulatory type offences, the burden of proof is reversed by statute. \u00a0Where, for example, certain facts are proved, it is then a matter for the defendant to prove otherwise. \u00a0This has been held to be compatible with the Constitution.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><!--nextpage--><\/p>\n<h2>CRIMINAL JUSTICE ACT 2006<\/h2>\n<p>PART 14<\/p>\n<p>Criminal Law Codification Advisory Committee<\/p>\n<h4>Criminal Law Codification Advisory Committee.<\/h4>\n<p>167.\u2014 There stands established a body, which shall be known as An Coiste Comhairleach um Ch\u00f3d\u00fa an Dl\u00ed Choiri\u00fail or, in the English language as, the Criminal Law Codification Advisory Committee and is in this Part referred to as the \u201cCommittee\u201d, to perform the functions assigned to it by this Act.<\/p>\n<h4>Functions of Committee.<\/h4>\n<p>168.\u2014 (1) The function of the Committee shall be to oversee the development of a programme for the codification of the criminal law.<\/p>\n<p>(2) Without prejudice to the generality of subsection (1) , the Committee shall\u2014<\/p>\n<p>(a) plan, monitor and review the implementation of a programme for the development of a criminal code (\u201cthe code\u201d),<\/p>\n<p>(b) advise and assist the Minister on consolidation of areas of criminal law for inclusion in the code,<\/p>\n<p>(c) advise and assist the Minister in relation to the amendment and future maintenance of the code,<\/p>\n<p>(d) undertake or commission, or collaborate or assist in, research projects relating to the codification of criminal law,<\/p>\n<p>(e) consult, on any particular matter which the Committee considers relevant, persons qualified to give opinions thereon,<\/p>\n<p>(f) monitor, review and advise and assist the Minister on international developments in the codification of criminal law in so far as they may be relevant to the development of the code,<\/p>\n<p>(g) advise and assist the Minister on any other related issues, including issues submitted by the Minister to the Committee for consideration.<\/p>\n<h4>Membership of Committee.<\/h4>\n<p>169.\u2014 (1) The Committee shall consist of the following members, that is to say, a chairperson and such and so many ordinary members as may be appointed from time to time as occasion requires by the Minister.<\/p>\n<p>(2) The members of the Committee shall be appointed by the Minister from among persons who in the opinion of the Minister have experience of, and expertise including Human Rights expertise in relation to, matters connected with the functions of the Committee.<\/p>\n<p>Conditions of office of members of Committee.<\/p>\n<p>170.\u2014 (1) The Minister may at any time, for stated reasons, terminate a person\u2019s membership of the Committee.<\/p>\n<p>(2) A member of the Committee may resign his or her membership of the Committee by notice in writing given to the Minister, and the resignation shall take effect on the day on which the Minister receives the notice.<\/p>\n<p>(3) A member of the Committee shall, subject to the provisions of this Part, hold office upon such terms and conditions (including terms and conditions relating to remuneration and allowances for expenses) as the Minister, with the consent of the Minister for Finance, may from time to time determine.<\/p>\n<p>Vacancies among members of Committee.<\/p>\n<p>171.\u2014 If a member of the Committee dies, resigns, or ceases to be a member of the Committee, the Minister may appoint a person to be a member of the Committee to fill the vacancy so occasioned in the same manner as the member of the Committee who occasioned the vacancy was appointed.<\/p>\n<h4>Meetings and procedure.<\/h4>\n<p>172.\u2014 (1) The Committee shall hold such and so many meetings as may be necessary for the performance of its functions and the achievement of its programme of work and may make such arrangements for the conduct of its meetings and business (including the establishment of subcommittees and the fixing of a quorum for a meeting) as it considers appropriate.<\/p>\n<p>(2) The Committee may act notwithstanding one or more vacan-cies among its members.<\/p>\n<p>(3) Subject to the provisions of this Part, the Committee shall regulate its own procedure by rules or otherwise.<\/p>\n<p>(4) At a meeting of the Committee\u2014<\/p>\n<p>(a) the chairperson of the Committee shall, if present, be the chairperson of the meeting, or<\/p>\n<p>(b) if and so long as the chairperson of the Committee is not present, or if that office is vacant, the members of the Committee who are present shall choose one of their number to be chairperson of the meeting.<\/p>\n<p>(5) A member of the Committee, other than the chairperson, who is unable to attend a meeting of the Committee, may nominate a deputy to attend in his or her place.<\/p>\n<h4>Programme of Work of Committee.<\/h4>\n<p>173.\u2014 (1) The Minister shall, as soon as may be after the commencement of this Part and thereafter, at least once in every 2 years, after consultation with the Committee, determine a programme of work to be undertaken by the Committee over the ensuing specified period.<\/p>\n<p>(2) Notwithstanding subsection (1) , the Minister may, from time to time, amend the programme of work, including the period to which the programme relates.<\/p>\n<h4>Funding of Committee.<\/h4>\n<p>174.\u2014 For the purposes of expenditure by the Committee in the performance of its functions, the Minister may in each financial year, with the consent of the Minister for Finance, advance to the Committee out of moneys provided by the Oireachtas such sum or sums as the Minister, after consultation with the Committee, may determine.<\/p>\n<h4>Report of Committee.<\/h4>\n<p>175.\u2014 (1) The Committee shall, not later than 3 months after the end of each calendar year, prepare and submit to the Minister a report on the performance of its functions and activities during the preceding year and the Minister shall cause copies of the report to be laid before each House of the Oireachtas within a period of 2 months from the receipt of the report.<\/p>\n<p>(2) A report under subsection (1) shall be in such form as the Minister may approve and shall include information in such form and regarding such matters as the Minister may from time to time direct.<\/p>\n<p>(3) The Committee shall supply to the Minister such information regarding the performance of its functions as the Minister may from time to time require.<\/p>\n<!--themify_builder_content-->\n<div id=\"themify_builder_content-1322\" data-postid=\"1322\" class=\"themify_builder_content themify_builder_content-1322 themify_builder tf_clear\">\n    <\/div>\n<!--\/themify_builder_content-->\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Crimes In its broader sense, criminal law covers what are traditionally called crimes as well as many thousands of regulatory offences that are designed to uphold and enforce certain administrative and regulatory objectives. \u00a0Throughout this guide are numerous references to such offences. The traditional and well-known crimes typically involve a mental element of deliberate or [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[67],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1322"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1322"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1322\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":33700,"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1322\/revisions\/33700"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1322"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1322"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1322"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}