{"id":26872,"date":"2023-09-05T07:05:57","date_gmt":"2023-09-05T07:05:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/?p=26872"},"modified":"2023-09-17T08:04:16","modified_gmt":"2023-09-17T08:04:16","slug":"large-platforms-search-engines","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/large-platforms-search-engines\/","title":{"rendered":"Large Platforms &#038; Engines"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_63 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/large-platforms-search-engines\/#Very_large_online_platforms_and_search_engines\" title=\"Very large online platforms and search engines\">Very large online platforms and search engines<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/large-platforms-search-engines\/#Risk_assessment\" title=\"Risk assessment\">Risk assessment<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/large-platforms-search-engines\/#Mitigation_of_risks\" title=\"Mitigation of risks\">Mitigation of risks<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/large-platforms-search-engines\/#Crisis_response_mechanism\" title=\"Crisis response mechanism\">Crisis response mechanism<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/large-platforms-search-engines\/#Independent_audit\" title=\"Independent audit\">Independent audit<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/large-platforms-search-engines\/#Recommender_systems\" title=\"Recommender systems\">Recommender systems<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/large-platforms-search-engines\/#Additional_online_advertising_transparency\" title=\"Additional online advertising transparency\">Additional online advertising transparency<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/large-platforms-search-engines\/#Data_access_and_scrutiny\" title=\"Data access and scrutiny\">Data access and scrutiny<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/large-platforms-search-engines\/#Compliance_function\" title=\"Compliance function\">Compliance function<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/large-platforms-search-engines\/#Transparency_reporting_obligations\" title=\"Transparency reporting obligations\">Transparency reporting obligations<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/large-platforms-search-engines\/#Supervisory_fee\" title=\"Supervisory fee\">Supervisory fee<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/large-platforms-search-engines\/#Standards\" title=\"Standards\">Standards<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/large-platforms-search-engines\/#Codes_of_conduct\" title=\"Codes of conduct\">Codes of conduct<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/large-platforms-search-engines\/#Codes_of_conduct_for_online_advertising\" title=\"Codes of conduct for online advertising\">Codes of conduct for online advertising<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/large-platforms-search-engines\/#Codes_of_conduct_for_accessibility\" title=\"Codes of conduct for accessibility\">Codes of conduct for accessibility<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/large-platforms-search-engines\/#Crisis_protocols\" title=\"Crisis protocols\">Crisis protocols<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Very_large_online_platforms_and_search_engines\"><\/span>Very large online platforms and search engines<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>This Section shall apply to online platforms and online search engines which have a number of average monthly active recipients of the service in the Union equal to or higher than 45 million, and which are designated as very large online platforms or very large online search engines pursuant to paragraph 4.<\/p>\n<p>The Commission shall adopt delegated acts in accordance with Article 87 to adjust the number of average monthly active recipients of the service in the Union referred to in paragraph 1, where the Union\u2019s population increases or decreases at least by 5 % in relation to its population in 2020 or its population after adjustment by means of a delegated act in the year in which the latest delegated act was adopted. In such a case, it shall adjust the number so that it corresponds to 10 % of the Union\u2019s population in the year in which it adopts the delegated act, rounded up or down to allow the number to be expressed in millions.<\/p>\n<p>The Commission may adopt delegated acts in accordance with Article 87, after consulting the Board, to supplement the provisions of this Regulation by laying down the methodology for calculating the number of average monthly active recipients of the service in the Union, for the purposes of paragraph 1 of this Article and Article 24(2), ensuring that the methodology takes account of market and technological developments.<\/p>\n<p>The Commission shall, after having consulted the Member State of establishment or after taking into account the information provided by the Digital Services Coordinator of establishment pursuant to Article 24(4), adopt a decision designating as a very large online platform or a very large online search engine for the purposes of this Regulation the online platform or the online search engine which has a number of average monthly active recipients of the service equal to or higher than the number referred to in paragraph 1 of this Article. The Commission shall take its decision on the basis of data reported by the provider of the online platform or of the online search engine pursuant to Article 24(2), or information requested pursuant to Article 24(3) or any other information available to the Commission.<\/p>\n<p>The failure by the provider of the online platform or of the online search engine to comply with Article 24(2) or to comply with the request by the Digital Services Coordinator of establishment or by the Commission pursuant to Article 24(3) shall not prevent the Commission from designating that provider as a provider of a very large online platform or of a very large online search engine pursuant to this paragraph.<\/p>\n<p>Where the Commission bases its decision on other information available to the Commission pursuant to the first subparagraph of this paragraph or on the basis of additional information requested pursuant to Article 24(3), the Commission shall give the provider of the online platform or of the online search engine concerned 10 working days in which to submit its views on the Commission\u2019s preliminary findings and on its intention to designate the online platform or the online search engine as a very large online platform or as a very large online search engine, respectively. The Commission shall take due account of the views submitted by the provider concerned.<\/p>\n<p>The failure of the provider of the online platform or of the online search engine concerned to submit its views pursuant to the third subparagraph shall not prevent the Commission from designating that online platform or that online search engine as a very large online platform or as a very large online search engine, respectively, based on other information available to it.<\/p>\n<p>The Commission shall terminate the designation if, during an uninterrupted period of one year, the online platform or the online search engine does not have a number of average monthly active recipients of the service equal to or higher than the number referred to in paragraph 1.<\/p>\n<p>The Commission shall notify its decisions pursuant to paragraphs 4 and 5, without undue delay, to the provider of the online platform or of the online search engine concerned, to the Board and to the Digital Services Coordinator of establishment.<\/p>\n<p>The Commission shall ensure that the list of designated very large online platforms and very large online search engines is published in the Official Journal of the European Union, and shall keep that list up to date. The obligations set out in this Section shall apply, or cease to apply, to the very large online platforms and very large online search engines concerned from four months after the notification to the provider concerned referred to in the first subparagraph.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Risk_assessment\"><\/span>Risk assessment<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Providers of very large online platforms and of very large online search engines shall diligently identify, analyse and assess any systemic risks in the Union stemming from the design or functioning of their service and its related systems, including algorithmic systems, or from the use made of their services.<\/p>\n<p>They shall carry out the risk assessments by the date of application referred to in Article 33(6), second subparagraph, and at least once every year thereafter, and in any event prior to deploying functionalities that are likely to have a critical impact on the risks identified pursuant to this Article. This risk assessment shall be specific to their services and proportionate to the systemic risks, taking into consideration their severity and probability, and shall include the following systemic risks:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>the dissemination of illegal content through their services;<\/li>\n<li>any actual or foreseeable negative effects for the exercise of fundamental rights, in particular the fundamental rights to human dignity enshrined in Article 1 of the Charter, to respect for private and family life enshrined in Article 7 of the Charter, to the protection of personal data enshrined in Article 8 of the Charter, to freedom of expression and information, including the freedom and pluralism of the media, enshrined in Article 11 of the Charter, to non-discrimination enshrined in Article 21 of the Charter, to respect for the rights of the child enshrined in Article 24 of the Charter and to a high-level of consumer protection enshrined in Article 38 of the Charter;<\/li>\n<li>any actual or foreseeable negative effects on civic discourse and electoral processes, and public security;<\/li>\n<li>any actual or foreseeable negative effects in relation to gender-based violence, the protection of public health and minors and serious negative consequences to the person\u2019s physical and mental well-being.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>When conducting risk assessments, providers of very large online platforms and of very large online search engines shall take into account, in particular, whether and how the following factors influence any of the systemic risks referred to in paragraph 1:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>the design of their recommender systems and any other relevant algorithmic system;<\/li>\n<li>their content moderation systems;<\/li>\n<li>the applicable terms and conditions and their enforcement;<\/li>\n<li>systems for selecting and presenting advertisements;<\/li>\n<li>data related practices of the provider.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The assessments shall also analyse whether and how the risks pursuant to paragraph 1 are influenced by intentional manipulation of their service, including by inauthentic use or automated exploitation of the service, as well as the amplification and potentially rapid and wide dissemination of illegal content and of information that is incompatible with their terms and conditions.<\/p>\n<p>The assessment shall take into account specific regional or linguistic aspects, including when specific to a Member State.<\/p>\n<p>Providers of very large online platforms and of very large online search engines shall preserve the supporting documents of the risk assessments for at least three years after the performance of risk assessments, and shall, upon request, communicate them to the Commission and to the Digital Services Coordinator of establishment.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Mitigation_of_risks\"><\/span>Mitigation of risks<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Providers of very large online platforms and of very large online search engines shall put in place reasonable, proportionate and effective mitigation measures, tailored to the specific systemic risks identified pursuant to Article 34, with particular consideration to the impacts of such measures on fundamental rights. Such measures may include, where applicable:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>adapting the design, features or functioning of their services, including their online interfaces;<\/li>\n<li>adapting their terms and conditions and their enforcement;<\/li>\n<li>adapting content moderation processes, including the speed and quality of processing notices related to specific types of illegal content and, where appropriate, the expeditious removal of, or the disabling of access to, the content notified, in particular in respect of illegal hate speech or cyber violence, as well as adapting any relevant decision-making processes and dedicated resources for content moderation;<\/li>\n<li>testing and adapting their algorithmic systems, including their recommender systems;<\/li>\n<li>adapting their advertising systems and adopting targeted measures aimed at limiting or adjusting the presentation of advertisements in association with the service they provide;<\/li>\n<li>reinforcing the internal processes, resources, testing, documentation, or supervision of any of their activities in particular as regards detection of systemic risk;<\/li>\n<li>initiating or adjusting cooperation with trusted flaggers in accordance with Article 22 and the implementation of the decisions of out-of-court dispute settlement bodies pursuant to Article 21;<\/li>\n<li>initiating or adjusting cooperation with other providers of online platforms or of online search engines through the codes of conduct and the crisis protocols referred to in Articles 45 and 48 respectively;<\/li>\n<li>taking awareness-raising measures and adapting their online interface in order to give recipients of the service more information;<\/li>\n<li>taking targeted measures to protect the rights of the child, including age verification and parental control tools, tools aimed at helping minors signal abuse or obtain support, as appropriate;<\/li>\n<li>ensuring that an item of information, whether it constitutes a generated or manipulated image, audio or video that appreciably resembles existing persons, objects, places or other entities or events and falsely appears to a person to be authentic or truthful is distinguishable through prominent markings when presented on their online interfaces, and, in addition, providing an easy to use functionality which enables recipients of the service to indicate such information.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The Board, in cooperation with the Commission, shall publish comprehensive reports, once a year. The reports shall include the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>identification and assessment of the most prominent and recurrent systemic risks reported by providers of very large online platforms and of very large online search engines or identified through other information sources, in particular those provided in compliance with Articles 39, 40 and 42;<\/li>\n<li>best practices for providers of very large online platforms and of very large online search engines to mitigate the systemic risks identified.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Those reports shall present systemic risks broken down by the Member States in which they occurred and in the Union as a whole, as applicable.<\/p>\n<p>The Commission, in cooperation with the Digital Services Coordinators, may issue guidelines on the application of paragraph 1 in relation to specific risks, in particular to present best practices and recommend possible measures, having due regard to the possible consequences of the measures on fundamental rights enshrined in the Charter of all parties involved. When preparing those guidelines the Commission shall organise public consultations.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Crisis_response_mechanism\"><\/span>Crisis response mechanism<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Where a crisis occurs, the Commission, acting upon a recommendation of the Board may adopt a decision, requiring one or more providers of very large online platforms or of very large online search engines to take one or more of the following actions:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>assess whether, and if so to what extent and how, the functioning and use of their services significantly contribute to a serious threat as referred to in paragraph 2, or are likely to do so;<\/li>\n<li>identify and apply specific, effective and proportionate measures, such as any of those provided for in Article 35(1) or Article 48(2), to prevent, eliminate or limit any such contribution to the serious threat identified pursuant to point (a) of this paragraph;<\/li>\n<li>report to the Commission by a certain date or at regular intervals specified in the decision, on the assessments referred to in point (a), on the precise content, implementation and qualitative and quantitative impact of the specific measures taken pursuant to point (b) and on any other issue related to those assessments or those measures, as specified in the decision.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>When identifying and applying measures pursuant to point (b) of this paragraph, the service provider or providers shall take due account of the gravity of the serious threat referred to in paragraph 2, of the urgency of the measures and of the actual or potential implications for the rights and legitimate interests of all parties concerned, including the possible failure of the measures to respect the fundamental rights enshrined in the Charter.<\/p>\n<p>For the purpose of this Article, a crisis shall be deemed to have occurred where extraordinary circumstances lead to a serious threat to public security or public health in the Union or in significant parts of it.<\/p>\n<p>When taking the decision referred to in paragraph 1, the Commission shall ensure that all of the following requirements are met:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>the actions required by the decision are strictly necessary, justified and proportionate, having regard in particular to the gravity of the serious threat referred to in paragraph 2, the urgency of the measures and the actual or potential implications for the rights and legitimate interests of all parties concerned, including the possible failure of the measures to respect the fundamental rights enshrined in the Charter;<\/li>\n<li>the decision specifies a reasonable period within which specific measures referred to in paragraph 1, point (b), are to be taken, having regard, in particular, to the urgency of those measures and the time needed to prepare and implement them;<\/li>\n<li>the actions required by the decision are limited to a period not exceeding three months.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>After adopting the decision referred to in paragraph 1, the Commission shall, without undue delay, take the following steps:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>notify the decision to the provider or providers to which the decision is addressed;<\/li>\n<li>make the decision publicly available; and<\/li>\n<li>inform the Board of the decision, invite it to submit its views thereon, and keep it informed of any subsequent developments relating to the decision.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The choice of specific measures to be taken pursuant to paragraph 1, point (b), and to paragraph 7, second subparagraph, shall remain with the provider or providers addressed by the Commission\u2019s decision.<\/p>\n<p>The Commission may on its own initiative or at the request of the provider, engage in a dialogue with the provider to determine whether, in light of the provider\u2019s specific circumstances, the intended or implemented measures referred to in paragraph 1, point (b), are effective and proportionate in achieving the objectives pursued. In particular, the Commission shall ensure that the measures taken by the service provider under paragraph 1, point (b), meet the requirements referred to in paragraph 3, points (a) and (c).<\/p>\n<p>The Commission shall monitor the application of the specific measures taken pursuant to the decision referred to in paragraph 1 of this Article on the basis of the reports referred to in point (c) of that paragraph and any other relevant information, including information it may request pursuant to Article 40 or 67, taking into account the evolution of the crisis. The Commission shall report regularly to the Board on that monitoring, at least on a monthly basis.<\/p>\n<p>Where the Commission considers that the intended or implemented specific measures pursuant to paragraph 1, point (b), are not effective or proportionate it may, after consulting the Board, adopt a decision requiring the provider to review the identification or application of those specific measures.<\/p>\n<p>Where appropriate in view of the evolution of the crisis, the Commission, acting on the Board\u2019s recommendation, may amend the decision referred to in paragraph 1 or in paragraph 7, second subparagraph, by:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>revoking the decision and, where appropriate, requiring the very large online platform or very large online search engine to cease to apply the measures identified and implemented pursuant to paragraph 1, point (b), or paragraph 7, second subparagraph, in particular where the grounds for such measures do not exist anymore;<\/li>\n<li>extending the period referred to paragraph 3, point (c), by a period of no more than three months;<\/li>\n<li>taking account of experience gained in applying the measures, in particular the possible failure of the measures to respect the fundamental rights enshrined in the Charter.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The requirements of paragraphs 1 to 6 shall apply to the decision and to the amendment thereof referred to in this Article.<\/p>\n<p>The Commission shall take utmost account of the recommendation of the Board issued pursuant to this Article. The Commission shall report to the European Parliament and to the Council on a yearly basis following the adoption of decisions in accordance with this Article, and, in any event, three months after the end of the crisis, on the application of the specific measures taken pursuant to those decisions.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Independent_audit\"><\/span>Independent audit<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Providers of very large online platforms and of very large online search engines shall be subject, at their own expense and at least once a year, to independent audits to assess compliance with the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>the obligations set out in Chapter III;<\/li>\n<li>any commitments undertaken pursuant to the codes of conduct referred to in Articles 45 and 46 and the crisis protocols referred to in Article 48.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Providers of very large online platforms and of very large online search engines shall afford the organisations carrying out the audits pursuant to this Article the cooperation and assistance necessary to enable them to conduct those audits in an effective, efficient and timely manner, including by giving them access to all relevant data and premises and by answering oral or written questions. They shall refrain from hampering, unduly influencing or undermining the performance of the audit.<\/p>\n<p>Such audits shall ensure an adequate level of confidentiality and professional secrecy in respect of the information obtained from the providers of very large online platforms and of very large online search engines and third parties in the context of the audits, including after the termination of the audits. However, complying with that requirement shall not adversely affect the performance of the audits and other provisions of this Regulation, in particular those on transparency, supervision and enforcement.<\/p>\n<p>Where necessary for the purpose of the transparency reporting pursuant to Article 42(4), the audit report and the audit implementation report referred to in paragraphs 4 and 6 of this Article shall be accompanied with versions that do not contain any information that could reasonably be considered to be confidential.<\/p>\n<p>Audits performed pursuant to paragraph 1 shall be performed by organisations which:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>are independent from, and do not have any conflicts of interest with, the provider of very large online platforms or of very large online search engines concerned and any legal person connected to that provider; in particular:\n<ul>\n<li>have not provided non-audit services related to the matters audited to the provider of very large online platform or of very large online search engine concerned and to any legal person connected to that provider in the 12 months\u2019 period before the beginning of the audit and have committed to not providing them with such services in the 12 months\u2019 period after the completion of the audit;<\/li>\n<li>have not provided auditing services pursuant to this Article to the provider of very large online platform or of very large online search engine concerned and any legal person connected to that provider during a period longer than 10 consecutive years;<\/li>\n<li>are not performing the audit in return for fees which are contingent on the result of the audit;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>have proven expertise in the area of risk management, technical competence and capabilities;)<\/li>\n<li>have proven objectivity and professional ethics, based in particular on adherence to codes of practice or appropriate standards.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Providers of very large online platforms and of very large online search engines shall ensure that the organisations that perform the audits establish an audit report for each audit. That report shall be substantiated, in writing, and shall include at least the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>the name, address and the point of contact of the provider of the very large online platform or of the very large online search engine subject to the audit and the period covered;<\/li>\n<li>the name and address of the organisation or organisations performing the audit;<\/li>\n<li>a declaration of interests;<\/li>\n<li>a description of the specific elements audited, and the methodology applied;<\/li>\n<li>a description and a summary of the main findings drawn from the audit;<\/li>\n<li>a list of the third parties consulted as part of the audit;<\/li>\n<li>an audit opinion on whether the provider of the very large online platform or of the very large online search engine subject to the audit complied with the obligations and with the commitments referred to in paragraph 1, namely \u2018positive\u2019, \u2018positive with comments\u2019 or \u2018negative\u2019;<\/li>\n<li>where the audit opinion is not \u2018positive\u2019, operational recommendations on specific measures to achieve compliance and the recommended timeframe to achieve compliance.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Where the organisation performing the audit was unable to audit certain specific elements or to express an audit opinion based on its investigations, the audit report shall include an explanation of the circumstances and the reasons why those elements could not be audited.<\/p>\n<p>Providers of very large online platforms or of very large online search engines receiving an audit report that is not \u2018positive\u2019 shall take due account of the operational recommendations addressed to them with a view to take the necessary measures to implement them. They shall, within one month from receiving those recommendations, adopt an audit implementation report setting out those measures.<\/p>\n<p>Where they do not implement the operational recommendations, they shall justify in the audit implementation report the reasons for not doing so and set out any alternative measures that they have taken to address any instances of non-compliance identified.<\/p>\n<p>The Commission is empowered to adopt delegated acts in accordance with Article 87 to supplement this Regulation by laying down the necessary rules for the performance of the audits pursuant to this Article, in particular as regards the necessary rules on the procedural steps, auditing methodologies and reporting templates for the audits performed pursuant to this Article. Those delegated acts shall take into account any voluntary auditing standards referred to in Article 44(1), point (e).<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Recommender_systems\"><\/span>Recommender systems<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>In addition to the requirements set out in Article 27, providers of very large online platforms and of very large online search engines that use recommender systems shall provide at least one option for each of their recommender systems which is not based on profiling as defined in Article 4, point (4), of Regulation (EU) 2016\/679.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Additional_online_advertising_transparency\"><\/span>Additional online advertising transparency<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Providers of very large online platforms or of very large online search engines that present advertisements on their online interfaces shall compile and make publicly available in a specific section of their online interface, through a searchable and reliable tool that allows multicriteria queries and through application programming interfaces, a repository containing the information referred to in paragraph 2, for the entire period during which they present an advertisement and until one year after the advertisement was presented for the last time on their online interfaces.<\/p>\n<p>They shall ensure that the repository does not contain any personal data of the recipients of the service to whom the advertisement was or could have been presented, and shall make reasonable efforts to ensure that the information is accurate and complete.<\/p>\n<p>The repository shall include at least all of the following information:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>the content of the advertisement, including the name of the product, service or brand and the subject matter of the advertisement;<\/li>\n<li>the natural or legal person on whose behalf the advertisement is presented;<\/li>\n<li>the natural or legal person who paid for the advertisement, if that person is different from the person referred to in point (b);<\/li>\n<li>the period during which the advertisement was presented;<\/li>\n<li>whether the advertisement was intended to be presented specifically to one or more particular groups of recipients of the service and if so, the main parameters used for that purpose including where applicable the main parameters used to exclude one or more of such particular groups;<\/li>\n<li>the commercial communications published on the very large online platforms and identified pursuant to Article 26(2);<\/li>\n<li>the total number of recipients of the service reached and, where applicable, aggregate numbers broken down by Member State for the group or groups of recipients that the advertisement specifically targeted.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>As regards paragraph 2, points (a), (b) and (c), where a provider of very large online platform or of very large online search engine has removed or disabled access to a specific advertisement based on alleged illegality or incompatibility with its terms and conditions, the repository shall not include the information referred to in those points. In such case, the repository shall include, for the specific advertisement concerned, the information referred to in Article 17(3), points (a) to (e), or Article 9(2), point (a)(i), as applicable.<\/p>\n<p>The Commission may, after consultation of the Board, the relevant vetted researchers referred to in Article 40 and the public, issue guidelines on the structure, organisation and functionalities of the repositories referred to in this Article.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Data_access_and_scrutiny\"><\/span>Data access and scrutiny<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Providers of very large online platforms or of very large online search engines shall provide the Digital Services Coordinator of establishment or the Commission, at their reasoned request and within a reasonable period specified in that request, access to data that are necessary to monitor and assess compliance with this Regulation.<\/p>\n<p>Digital Services Coordinators and the Commission shall use the data accessed pursuant to paragraph 1 only for the purpose of monitoring and assessing compliance with this Regulation and shall take due account of the rights and interests of the providers of very large online platforms or of very large online search engines and the recipients of the service concerned, including the protection of personal data, the protection of confidential information, in particular trade secrets, and maintaining the security of their service.<\/p>\n<p>For the purposes of paragraph 1, providers of very large online platforms or of very large online search engines shall, at the request of either the Digital Service Coordinator of establishment or of the Commission, explain the design, the logic, the functioning and the testing of their algorithmic systems, including their recommender systems.<\/p>\n<p>Upon a reasoned request from the Digital Services Coordinator of establishment, providers of very large online platforms or of very large online search engines shall, within a reasonable period, as specified in the request, provide access to data to vetted researchers who meet the requirements in paragraph 8 of this Article, for the sole purpose of conducting research that contributes to the detection, identification and understanding of systemic risks in the Union, as set out pursuant to Article 34(1), and to the assessment of the adequacy, efficiency and impacts of the risk mitigation measures pursuant to Article 35.<\/p>\n<p>Within 15 days following receipt of a request as referred to in paragraph 4, providers of very large online platforms or of very large online search engines may request the Digital Services Coordinator of establishment, to amend the request, where they consider that they are unable to give access to the data requested because one of following two reasons:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>they do not have access to the data;<\/li>\n<li>giving access to the data will lead to significant vulnerabilities in the security of their service or the protection of confidential information, in particular trade secrets.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Requests for amendment pursuant to paragraph 5 shall contain proposals for one or more alternative means through which access may be provided to the requested data or other data which are appropriate and sufficient for the purpose of the request.<\/p>\n<p>The Digital Services Coordinator of establishment shall decide on the request for amendment within 15 days and communicate to the provider of the very large online platform or of the very large online search engine its decision and, where relevant, the amended request and the new period to comply with the request.<\/p>\n<p>Providers of very large online platforms or of very large online search engines shall facilitate and provide access to data pursuant to paragraphs 1 and 4 through appropriate interfaces specified in the request, including online databases or application programming interfaces.<\/p>\n<p>Upon a duly substantiated application from researchers, the Digital Services Coordinator of establishment shall grant such researchers the status of \u2018vetted researchers\u2019 for the specific research referred to in the application and issue a reasoned request for data access to a provider of very large online platform or of very large online search engine a pursuant to paragraph 4, where the researchers demonstrate that they meet all of the following conditions:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>they are affiliated to a research organisation as defined in Article 2, point (1), of Directive (EU) 2019\/790;<\/li>\n<li>they are independent from commercial interests;<\/li>\n<li>their application discloses the funding of the research;<\/li>\n<li>they are capable of fulfilling the specific data security and confidentiality requirements corresponding to each request and to protect personal data, and they describe in their request the appropriate technical and organisational measures that they have put in place to this end;<\/li>\n<li>their application demonstrates that their access to the data and the time frames requested are necessary for, and proportionate to, the purposes of their research, and that the expected results of that research will contribute to the purposes laid down in paragraph 4;<\/li>\n<li>the planned research activities will be carried out for the purposes laid down in paragraph 4;<\/li>\n<li>they have committed themselves to making their research results publicly available free of charge, within a reasonable period after the completion of the research, subject to the rights and interests of the recipients of the service concerned, in accordance with Regulation (EU) 2016\/679.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Upon receipt of the application pursuant to this paragraph, the Digital Services Coordinator of establishment shall inform the Commission and the Board.<\/p>\n<p>Researchers may also submit their application to the Digital Services Coordinator of the Member State of the research organisation to which they are affiliated. Upon receipt of the application pursuant to this paragraph the Digital Services Coordinator shall conduct an initial assessment as to whether the respective researchers meet all of the conditions set out in paragraph 8.<\/p>\n<p>The respective Digital Services Coordinator shall subsequently send the application, together with the supporting documents submitted by the respective researchers and the initial assessment, to the Digital Services Coordinator of establishment. The Digital Services Coordinator of establishment shall take a decision whether to award a researcher the status of \u2018vetted researcher\u2019 without undue delay.<\/p>\n<p>While taking due account of the initial assessment provided, the final decision to award a researcher the status of \u2018vetted researcher\u2019 lies within the competence of Digital Services Coordinator of establishment, pursuant to paragraph 8.<\/p>\n<p>The Digital Services Coordinator that awarded the status of vetted researcher and issued the reasoned request for data access to the providers of very large online platforms or of very large online search engines in favour of a vetted researcher shall issue a decision terminating the access if it determines, following an investigation either on its own initiative or on the basis of information received from third parties, that the vetted researcher no longer meets the conditions set out in paragraph 8, and shall inform the provider of the very large online platform or of the very large online search engine concerned of the decision. Before terminating the access, the Digital Services Coordinator shall allow the vetted researcher to react to the findings of its investigation and to its intention to terminate the access.<\/p>\n<p>Digital Services Coordinators of establishment shall communicate to the Board the names and contact information of the natural persons or entities to which they have awarded the status of \u2018vetted researcher\u2019 in accordance with paragraph 8, as well as the purpose of the research in respect of which the application was made or, where they have terminated the access to the data in accordance with paragraph 10, communicate that information to the Board<\/p>\n<p>Providers of very large online platforms or of very large online search engines shall give access without undue delay to data, including, where technically possible, to real-time data, provided that the data is publicly accessible in their online interface by researchers, including those affiliated to not for profit bodies, organisations and associations, who comply with the conditions set out in paragraph 8, points (b), (c), (d) and (e), and who use the data solely for performing research that contributes to the detection, identification and understanding of systemic risks in the Union pursuant to Article 34(1).<\/p>\n<p>The Commission shall, after consulting the Board, adopt delegated acts supplementing this Regulation by laying down the technical conditions under which providers of very large online platforms or of very large online search engines are to share data pursuant to paragraphs 1 and 4 and the purposes for which the data may be used. Those delegated acts shall lay down the specific conditions under which such sharing of data with researchers can take place in compliance with Regulation (EU) 2016\/679, as well as relevant objective indicators, procedures and, where necessary, independent advisory mechanisms in support of sharing of data, taking into account the rights and interests of the providers of very large online platforms or of very large online search engines and the recipients of the service concerned, including the protection of confidential information, in particular trade secrets, and maintaining the security of their service.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Compliance_function\"><\/span>Compliance function<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Providers of very large online platforms or of very large online search engines shall establish a compliance function, which is independent from their operational functions and composed of one or more compliance officers, including the head of the compliance function. That compliance function shall have sufficient authority, stature and resources, as well as access to the management body of the provider of the very large online platform or of the very large online search engine to monitor the compliance of that provider with this Regulation.<\/p>\n<p>The management body of the provider of the very large online platform or of the very large online search engine shall ensure that compliance officers have the professional qualifications, knowledge, experience and ability necessary to fulfil the tasks referred to in paragraph 3.<\/p>\n<p>The management body of the provider of the very large online platform or of the very large online search engine shall ensure that the head of the compliance function is an independent senior manager with distinct responsibility for the compliance function.<\/p>\n<p>The head of the compliance function shall report directly to the management body of the provider of the very large online platform or of the very large online search engine, and may raise concerns and warn that body where risks referred to in Article 34 or non-compliance with this Regulation affect or may affect the provider of the very large online platform or of the very large online search engine concerned, without prejudice to the responsibilities of the management body in its supervisory and managerial functions.<\/p>\n<p>The head of the compliance function shall not be removed without prior approval of the management body of the provider of the very large online platform or of the very large online search engine.<\/p>\n<p>Compliance officers shall have the following tasks:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>cooperating with the Digital Services Coordinator of establishment and the Commission for the purpose of this Regulation;<\/li>\n<li>ensuring that all risks referred to in Article 34 are identified and properly reported on and that reasonable, proportionate and effective risk-mitigation measures are taken pursuant to Article 35;<\/li>\n<li>organising and supervising the activities of the provider of the very large online platform or of the very large online search engine relating to the independent audit pursuant to Article 37;<\/li>\n<li>informing and advising the management and employees of the provider of the very large online platform or of the very large online search engine about relevant obligations under this Regulation;<\/li>\n<li>monitoring the compliance of the provider of the very large online platform or of the very large online search engine with its obligations under this Regulation;<\/li>\n<li>where applicable, monitoring the compliance of the provider of the very large online platform or of the very large online search engine with commitments made under the codes of conduct pursuant to Articles 45 and 46 or the crisis protocols pursuant to Article 48.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Providers of very large online platforms or of very large online search engines shall communicate the name and contact details of the head of the compliance function to the Digital Services Coordinator of establishment and to the Commission.<\/p>\n<p>The management body of the provider of the very large online platform or of the very large online search engine shall define, oversee and be accountable for the implementation of the provider&#8217;s governance arrangements that ensure the independence of the compliance function, including the division of responsibilities within the organisation of the provider of very large online platform or of very large online search engine, the prevention of conflicts of interest, and sound management of systemic risks identified pursuant to Article 34.<\/p>\n<p>The management body shall approve and review periodically, at least once a year, the strategies and policies for taking up, managing, monitoring and mitigating the risks identified pursuant to Article 34 to which the very large online platform or the very large online search engine is or might be exposed to.<\/p>\n<p>The management body shall devote sufficient time to the consideration of the measures related to risk management. It shall be actively involved in the decisions related to risk management, and shall ensure that adequate resources are allocated to the management of the risks identified in accordance with Article 34.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Transparency_reporting_obligations\"><\/span>Transparency reporting obligations<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Providers of very large online platforms or of very large online search engines shall publish the reports referred to in Article 15 at the latest by two months from the date of application referred to in Article 33(6), second subparagraph, and thereafter at least every six months.<\/p>\n<p>The reports referred to in paragraph 1 of this Article published by providers of very large online platforms shall, in addition to the information referred to in Article 15 and Article 24(1), specify:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>the human resources that the provider of very large online platforms dedicates to content moderation in respect of the service offered in the Union, broken down by each applicable official language of the Member States, including for compliance with the obligations set out in Articles 16 and 22, as well as for compliance with the obligations set out in Article 20;<\/li>\n<li>the qualifications and linguistic expertise of the persons carrying out the activities referred to in point (a), as well as the training and support given to such staff;<\/li>\n<li>the indicators of accuracy and related information referred to in Article 15(1), point (e), broken down by each official language of the Member States.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The reports shall be published in at least one of the official languages of the Member States.<\/p>\n<p>In addition to the information referred to in Articles 24(2), the providers of very large online platforms or of very large online search engines shall include in the reports referred to in paragraph 1 of this Article the information on the average monthly recipients of the service for each Member State.<\/p>\n<p>Providers of very large online platforms or of very large online search engines shall transmit to the Digital Services Coordinator of establishment and the Commission, without undue delay upon completion, and make publicly available at the latest three months after the receipt of each audit report pursuant to Article 37(4):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>a report setting out the results of the risk assessment pursuant to Article 34;<\/li>\n<li>the specific mitigation measures put in place pursuant to Article 35(1);<\/li>\n<li>the audit report provided for in Article 37(4);<\/li>\n<li>the audit implementation report provided for in Article 37(6);<\/li>\n<li>where applicable, information about the consultations conducted by the provider in support of the risk assessments and design of the risk mitigation measures.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Where a provider of very large online platform or of very large online search engine considers that the publication of information pursuant to paragraph 4 might result in the disclosure of confidential information of that provider or of the recipients of the service, cause significant vulnerabilities for the security of its service, undermine public security or harm recipients, the provider may remove such information from the publicly available reports. In that case, the provider shall transmit the complete reports to the Digital Services Coordinator of establishment and the Commission, accompanied by a statement of the reasons for removing the information from the publicly available reports.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Supervisory_fee\"><\/span>Supervisory fee<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The Commission shall charge providers of very large online platforms and of very large online search engines an annual supervisory fee upon their designation pursuant to Article 33.<\/p>\n<p>The overall amount of the annual supervisory fees shall cover the estimated costs that the Commission incurs in relation to its supervisory tasks under this Regulation, in particular costs related to the designation pursuant to Article 33, to the set-up, maintenance and operation of the database pursuant to Article 24(5) and to the information sharing system pursuant to Article 85, to referrals pursuant to Article 59, to supporting the Board pursuant to Article 62 and to the supervisory tasks pursuant to Article 56 and Section 4 of Chapter IV.<\/p>\n<p>The providers of very large online platforms and of very large online search engines shall be charged annually a supervisory fee for each service for which they have been designated pursuant to Article 33.<\/p>\n<p>The Commission shall adopt implementing acts establishing the amount of the annual supervisory fee in respect of each provider of very large online platform or of very large online search engine. When adopting those implementing acts, the Commission shall apply the methodology laid down in the delegated act referred to in paragraph 4 of this Article and shall respect the principles set out in paragraph 5 of this Article. Those implementing acts shall be adopted in accordance with the advisory procedure referred to in Article 88.<\/p>\n<p>The Commission shall adopt delegated acts, in accordance with Article 87, laying down the detailed methodology and procedures for:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>the determination of the estimated costs referred to in paragraph 2;<\/li>\n<li>the determination of the individual annual supervisory fees referred to in paragraph 5, points (b) and (c);<\/li>\n<li>the determination of the maximum overall limit defined in paragraph 5, point (c); and<\/li>\n<li>the detailed arrangements necessary to make payments.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>When adopting those delegated acts, the Commission shall respect the principles set out in paragraph 5 of this Article.<\/p>\n<p>The implementing act referred to in paragraph 3 and the delegated act referred to in paragraph 4 shall respect the following principles:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>the estimation of the overall amount of the annual supervisory fee takes into account the costs incurred in the previous year;<\/li>\n<li>the annual supervisory fee is proportionate to the number of average monthly active recipients in the Union of each very large online platform or each very large online search engine designated pursuant to Article 33;<\/li>\n<li>the overall amount of the annual supervisory fee charged on a given provider of very large online platform or very large search engine does not, in any case, exceed 0,05 % of its worldwide annual net income in the preceding financial year.The individual annual supervisory fees charged pursuant to paragraph 1 of this Article shall constitute external assigned revenue in accordance with Article 21(5) of Regulation (EU, Euratom) 2018\/1046 of the European Parliament and of the Council (41).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The Commission shall report annually to the European Parliament and to the Council on the overall amount of the costs incurred for the fulfilment of the tasks under this Regulation and the total amount of the individual annual supervisory fees charged in the preceding year.<\/p>\n<p>Other provisions concerning due diligence obligations<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Standards\"><\/span>Standards<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The Commission shall consult the Board, and shall support and promote the development and implementation of voluntary standards set by relevant European and international standardisation bodies, at least in respect of the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>electronic submission of notices under Article 16;<\/li>\n<li>templates, design and process standards for communicating with the recipients of the service in a user-friendly manner on restrictions resulting from terms and conditions and changes thereto;<\/li>\n<li>electronic submission of notices by trusted flaggers under Article 22, including through application programming interfaces;<\/li>\n<li>specific interfaces, including application programming interfaces, to facilitate compliance with the obligations set out in Articles 39 and 40;<\/li>\n<li>auditing of very large online platforms and of very large online search engines pursuant to Article 37;<\/li>\n<li>interoperability of the advertisement repositories referred to in Article 39(2);<\/li>\n<li>transmission of data between advertising intermediaries in support of transparency obligations pursuant to Article 26(1), points (b), (c) and (d);<\/li>\n<li>technical measures to enable compliance with obligations relating to advertising contained in this Regulation, including the obligations regarding prominent markings for advertisements and commercial communications referred to in Article 26;<\/li>\n<li>choice interfaces and presentation of information on the main parameters of different types of recommender systems, in accordance with Articles 27 and 38;<\/li>\n<li>standards for targeted measures to protect minors online.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The Commission shall support the update of the standards in the light of technological developments and the behaviour of the recipients of the services in question. The relevant information regarding the update of the standards shall be publicly available and easily accessible.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Codes_of_conduct\"><\/span>Codes of conduct<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The Commission and the Board shall encourage and facilitate the drawing up of voluntary codes of conduct at Union level to contribute to the proper application of this Regulation, taking into account in particular the specific challenges of tackling different types of illegal content and systemic risks, in accordance with Union law in particular on competition and the protection of personal data.<\/p>\n<p>Where significant systemic risk within the meaning of Article 34(1) emerge and concern several very large online platforms or very large online search engines, the Commission may invite the providers of very large online platforms concerned or the providers of very large online search engines concerned, and other providers of very large online platforms, of very large online search engines, of online platforms and of other intermediary services, as appropriate, as well as relevant competent authorities, civil society organisations and other relevant stakeholders, to participate in the drawing up of codes of conduct, including by setting out commitments to take specific risk mitigation measures, as well as a regular reporting framework on any measures taken and their outcomes.<\/p>\n<p>When giving effect to paragraphs 1 and 2, the Commission and the Board, and where relevant other bodies, shall aim to ensure that the codes of conduct clearly set out their specific objectives, contain key performance indicators to measure the achievement of those objectives and take due account of the needs and interests of all interested parties, and in particular citizens, at Union level. The Commission and the Board shall also aim to ensure that participants report regularly to the Commission and their respective Digital Services Coordinators of establishment on any measures taken and their outcomes, as measured against the key performance indicators that they contain. Key performance indicators and reporting commitments shall take into account differences in size and capacity between different participants.<\/p>\n<p>The Commission and the Board shall assess whether the codes of conduct meet the aims specified in paragraphs 1 and 3, and shall regularly monitor and evaluate the achievement of their objectives, having regard to the key performance indicators that they might contain. They shall publish their conclusions.<\/p>\n<p>The Commission and the Board shall also encourage and facilitate regular review and adaptation of the codes of conduct.<\/p>\n<p>In the case of systematic failure to comply with the codes of conduct, the Commission and the Board may invite the signatories to the codes of conduct to take the necessary action.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Codes_of_conduct_for_online_advertising\"><\/span>Codes of conduct for online advertising<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The Commission shall encourage and facilitate the drawing up of voluntary codes of conduct at Union level by providers of online platforms and other relevant service providers, such as providers of online advertising intermediary services, other actors involved in the programmatic advertising value chain, or organisations representing recipients of the service and civil society organisations or relevant authorities to contribute to further transparency for actors in the online advertising value chain beyond the requirements of Articles 26 and 39.<\/p>\n<p>The Commission shall aim to ensure that the codes of conduct pursue an effective transmission of information that fully respects the rights and interests of all parties involved, as well as a competitive, transparent and fair environment in online advertising, in accordance with Union and national law, in particular on competition and the protection of privacy and personal data. The Commission shall aim to ensure that the codes of conduct at least address the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>the transmission of information held by providers of online advertising intermediaries to recipients of the service concerning the requirements set in Article 26(1), points (b), (c) and (d);<\/li>\n<li>the transmission of information held by providers of online advertising intermediaries to the repositories pursuant to Article 39;<\/li>\n<li>meaningful information on data monetisation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The Commission shall encourage the development of the codes of conduct by 18 February 2025 and their application by 18 August 2025.<\/p>\n<p>The Commission shall encourage all the actors in the online advertising value chain referred to in paragraph 1 to endorse the commitments stated in the codes of conduct, and to comply with them.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Codes_of_conduct_for_accessibility\"><\/span>Codes of conduct for accessibility<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The Commission shall encourage and facilitate the drawing up of codes of conduct at Union level with the involvement of providers of online platforms and other relevant service providers, organisations representing recipients of the service and civil society organisations or relevant authorities to promote full and effective, equal participation, by improving access to online services that, through their initial design or subsequent adaptation, address the particular needs of persons with disabilities.<\/p>\n<p>The Commission shall aim to ensure that the codes of conduct pursue the objective of ensuring that those services are accessible in compliance with Union and national law, in order to maximise their foreseeable use by persons with disabilities. The Commission shall aim to ensure that the codes of conduct address at least the following objectives:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>designing and adapting services to make them accessible to persons with disabilities by making them perceivable, operable, understandable and robust;<\/li>\n<li>explaining how the services meet the applicable accessibility requirements and making this information available to the public in an accessible manner for persons with disabilities;<\/li>\n<li>making information, forms and measures provided pursuant to this Regulation available in such a manner that they are easy to find, easy to understand, and accessible to persons with disabilities.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The Commission shall encourage the development of the codes of conduct by 18 February 2025 and their application by 18 August 2025.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Crisis_protocols\"><\/span>Crisis protocols<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The Board may recommend that the Commission initiate the drawing up, in accordance with paragraphs 2, 3 and 4, of voluntary crisis protocols for addressing crisis situations. Those situations shall be strictly limited to extraordinary circumstances affecting public security or public health.<\/p>\n<p>The Commission shall encourage and facilitate the providers of very large online platforms, of very large online search engines and, where appropriate, the providers of other online platforms or of other online search engines, to participate in the drawing up, testing and application of those crisis protocols. The Commission shall aim to ensure that those crisis protocols include one or more of the following measures:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>prominently displaying information on the crisis situation provided by Member States\u2019 authorities or at Union level, or, depending on the context of the crisis, by other relevant reliable bodies;<\/li>\n<li>ensuring that the provider of intermediary services designates a specific point of contact for crisis management; where relevant, this may be the electronic point of contact referred to in Article 11 or, in the case of providers of very large online platforms or of very large online search engines, the compliance officer referred to in Article 41;<\/li>\n<li>where applicable, adapt the resources dedicated to compliance with the obligations set out in Articles 16, 20, 22, 23 and 35 to the needs arising from the crisis situation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The Commission shall, as appropriate, involve Member States\u2019 authorities, and may also involve Union bodies, offices and agencies in drawing up, testing and supervising the application of the crisis protocols. The Commission may, where necessary and appropriate, also involve civil society organisations or other relevant organisations in drawing up the crisis protocols.<\/p>\n<p>The Commission shall aim to ensure that the crisis protocols set out clearly all of the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>the specific parameters to determine what constitutes the specific extraordinary circumstance the crisis protocol seeks to address and the objectives it pursues;<\/li>\n<li>the role of each participant and the measures they are to put in place in preparation and once the crisis protocol has been activated;<\/li>\n<li>a clear procedure for determining when the crisis protocol is to be activated;<\/li>\n<li>a clear procedure for determining the period during which the measures to be taken once the crisis protocol has been activated are to be taken, which is strictly limited to what is necessary for addressing the specific extraordinary circumstances concerned;<\/li>\n<li>safeguards to address any negative effects on the exercise of the fundamental rights enshrined in the Charter, in particular the freedom of expression and information and the right to non-discrimination;<\/li>\n<li>a process to publicly report on any measures taken, their duration and their outcomes, upon the termination of the crisis situation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>If the Commission considers that a crisis protocol fails to effectively address the crisis situation, or to safeguard the exercise of fundamental rights as referred to in paragraph 4, point (e), it shall request the participants to revise the crisis protocol, including by taking additional measures.<\/p>\n<!--themify_builder_content-->\n<div id=\"themify_builder_content-26872\" data-postid=\"26872\" class=\"themify_builder_content themify_builder_content-26872 themify_builder tf_clear\">\n    <\/div>\n<!--\/themify_builder_content-->\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Very large online platforms and search engines This Section shall apply to online platforms and online search engines which have a number of average monthly active recipients of the service in the Union equal to or higher than 45 million, and which are designated as very large online platforms or very large online search engines [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[359],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26872"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=26872"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26872\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":27443,"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26872\/revisions\/27443"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=26872"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=26872"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=26872"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}