{"id":34,"date":"2021-04-02T19:58:06","date_gmt":"2021-04-02T19:58:06","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/legalblog.ie\/?p=34"},"modified":"2021-04-02T19:58:06","modified_gmt":"2021-04-02T19:58:06","slug":"revenue-parliaments","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/revenue-parliaments\/","title":{"rendered":"Revenue &#038; Parliaments"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_63 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/revenue-parliaments\/#Kings_Revenue\" title=\"King&#8217;s Revenue\">King&#8217;s Revenue<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/revenue-parliaments\/#Origin_of_Taxation\" title=\"Origin of Taxation\">Origin of Taxation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/revenue-parliaments\/#Early_Parliaments\" title=\"Early Parliaments\">Early Parliaments<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/revenue-parliaments\/#Commons_Peers\" title=\"Commons &amp; Peers\">Commons &amp; Peers<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Kings_Revenue\"><\/span>King&#8217;s Revenue<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Irish revenue equivalent to English revenue comprised income from feudal rights, annual payments, rents of demesne lands, farm rents of towns, profits of county courts, profits of justice and customs.\u00a0 Customs were levied on wool and hides from ports in Ireland including those within the liberties.<\/p>\n<p>The escheator was responsible for lands temporarily in the King\u2019s hands because of the minority of tenants-in-chief of vacancy in a bishop or abbey.\u00a0 The income was sporadic. Escheators employ deputies and sub escheators through the country.\u00a0 In the early period, the income from the escheator was significant.<\/p>\n<p>Relief \u00a0paid by heirs of full age were paid directly to the exchequer.\u00a0 Aids, assistance and money given by the tenant to his lord were the equivalent of tax.\u00a0 Scutage, the commutation paid by military tenant instead of service was of \u00a0considerable importance in the 13th century.<\/p>\n<p>From the 13th century, there was a tendency to apply revenue directly in \u00a0payment of officials and part payment of their salaries or to cities for repair of their walls. The profits of justice referred to fees payable on the issue of writs, fine imposed, confiscations from felons, fines and sums paid for pardon.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Origin_of_Taxation\"><\/span>Origin of Taxation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Taxation originated from the obligations of vassals to assist their lord when necessity required.\u00a0 Lords had rights to extract payments from his demesne land including chartered towns on \u00a0those lands.\u00a0 Clerical immunities from \u00a0secular \u00a0taxation reduced over the period. Communities might be levied at different rates or there might be levies in some parts of the country only.<\/p>\n<p>In the early 13th century, there was a general tax levy on personal property assessed by itinerant justices.\u00a0 These are periodic levies from time to time.\u00a0 At the same time, a system of levying subsidies for local purposes with \u00a0no correspondence in England was instituted.\u00a0 They appear to have been mandated by the county courts.<\/p>\n<p>After the reign of Edward, I, general taxation was provided for.\u00a0Subsidies continued to be granted for general King\u2019s purpose including wars against Scotland in the 14th century. By the middle of 14th century, substantial contributions from the English exchequer were required as the expenditure in Ireland was not met by \u00a0taxation.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Early_Parliaments\"><\/span>Early Parliaments<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Rulers held special sessions of their courts referred to as parliaments.\u00a0 They initially had a judicial purpose.\u00a0 In 1258, the Provisions of Oxford laid down that there should be at least three parliaments a year in England attended by councillors to treat of the common business of the realm and of the King.\u00a0 In 1258, the provisions were applied to Ireland.<\/p>\n<p>The early parliaments comprised the council together with magnates both lay and ecclesiastical. Parliaments as constituted dealt with judicial matters occasionally produced legislation and principally conducted administrative business.<\/p>\n<p>By the latter half of the 13th century, general taxation became a matter of parliaments throughout Western Europe. Apart from feudal charges, a freeman could not be taxed without his consent. \u00a0In time, the assemblies or parliaments bound those both absent and dissenting minorities.\u00a0 They were bound to taxation by the consent of the majority.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Commons_Peers\"><\/span>Commons &amp; Peers<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Communities were summoned to send representatives to send taxation and other measures by the latter half of the 13th century. \u00a0By this time representatives of towns, shires and liberties were summoned together with the major magnates to parliamentary and quasi-parliamentary assemblies.<\/p>\n<p>The assembly of peers, which later developed into the House of Lord by the 14th century consisted of the great magnates, initially, summoned by individual writ. Initially, the subtenants were bound by the consent of their \u00a0lords who were assumed to represent him. This position changed over time. \u00a0Different arrangements applied to towns.<\/p>\n<p>Consent to taxation was most conveniently granted by parliaments so that commons became necessary and normal part of parliament.\u00a0 By this stage, the consent of the lords was not assumed to bind the commons.<\/p>\n<p>The summons of the commons in Irish parliaments became fixed in the middle of the 14th century.\u00a0 Representatives of the lower clergy were also summoned. The representatives of the commons, the shires, liberties and towns became part of parliament by the end of the 14th century.\u00a0 Most of the 32 Irish bishops were also summoned.<\/p>\n<p>By the end of the 14th century, parliamentary taxation had become an established institution.\u00a0 Local taxation also continued.\u00a0 Legislation was passed on other issues, but it was generally marginal, designed to \u00a0solve immediate problems rather than dealing with policies.<\/p>\n<!--themify_builder_content-->\n<div id=\"themify_builder_content-34\" data-postid=\"34\" class=\"themify_builder_content themify_builder_content-34 themify_builder tf_clear\">\n    <\/div>\n<!--\/themify_builder_content-->\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>King&#8217;s Revenue Irish revenue equivalent to English revenue comprised income from feudal rights, annual payments, rents of demesne lands, farm rents of towns, profits of county courts, profits of justice and customs.\u00a0 Customs were levied on wool and hides from ports in Ireland including those within the liberties. The escheator was responsible for lands temporarily [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[29],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=34"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":35,"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34\/revisions\/35"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=34"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=34"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/legalblog.ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=34"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}