Refugee Institutions [EU]

Table of Contents

Mutual information mechanism for national asylum and immigration measures

Decision 2006/688/EC establishing a mutual information mechanism concerning EU countries’ measures in the areas of asylum and immigration

It aims to improve the sharing of information between EU countries concerning national asylum and immigration measures.

It sets up a formal information procedure between EU countries and the European Commission, with the aim of improving the coordination of immigration and asylum policies between EU countries.

Information sharing and transmission

The mutual information mechanism (MIM) permits the sharing of information between the Commission and EU countries concerning national laws on asylum and immigration.

EU countries are required to transmit the measures they intend to take or have recently taken:

through a web-based network; and
using the report form annexed to the decision.

This information should be transmitted as soon as possible and at the latest when it becomes publicly available.

EU countries are required to communicate to the Commission and the other EU countries only measures that are likely to have a significant impact:

in other EU countries;
at the level of the EU as a whole.

Development and management of the network

The Commission is responsible for developing and managing the network. In setting up the network, it was to make use of the existing technical platform of the trans-European telematic network for the exchange of information between EU country authorities (known as CIRCA). The network allows the Commission and EU countries to request from one or more countries additional information on measures communicated.

Any specific national measure notified in this way may give rise to an exchange of views between EU country experts and the Commission.

In addition to these technical discussions, each year, the Commission must prepare a report summarising the most relevant information transmitted by EU countries. This report is submitted to the European Parliament and the Council for use as the basis of ministerial discussions on national asylum and immigration policies.

Evaluation

The Commission published a report in 2009 evaluating the MIM’s operation. Between April 2007 and 30 September 2009, only 16 EU countries had transmitted information via the MIM on only 45 measures. No communications were made on final decisions of the highest courts or tribunals.

The format in which the communications were made was rarely homogeneous, with the reporting form annexed to the decision not always being used.

At times, only the English title and the text in the original language were provided, resulting in problems of comprehension. There were also differences in the content of the reporting forms submitted: some were fairly comprehensive, while others only provided a cursory description without an indication of the nature of the measure.

The report concluded that MIM had not fulfilled its objectives since the quantity of information submitted was nominal. However, since it had only been operational for a short period, the Commission considered it premature to propose amendments to the decision.

The Mutual information mechanism for national asylum and immigration measures was not activated by either the Commission nor the EU countries, not even during the two years of the very high influx of migrants into Europe, in 2015 and 2016. Instead, the EU countries (European Union Presidencies) seemed to prefer to use the European Union crisis information mechanism to exchange data about migration flows. This request for information was then gradually taken over by the relevant European Union Agencies, EASO and FRONTEX, who today provide the bulk of the migration data needed for today’s migration flow. Further information about important developments in the migration field in EU countries is regularly updated through the European Migration Network’s news bulletins that are regularly produced each quarter.

Nonetheless, it cannot be excluded that the MIM mechanism may prove useful in future migration information exchanges between the EU countries and the European Commission and therefore its existence is still justifiable.

Application & Background

It has applied since 3 November 2006.

National measures in the areas of immigration and asylum are likely to have an impact on other EU countries. This is due to:

the absence of border checks in the Schengen area;
the close economic and social relations between EU countries; and
the development of common visa, immigration and asylum policies.

For more information, see:

European Migration Network at the national level (European Commission).

MAIN DOCUMENT

Council Decision 2006/688/EC of 5 October 2006 on the establishment of a mutual information mechanism concerning Member States’ measures in the areas of asylum and immigration (OJ L 283, 14.10.2006, pp. 40-43)

European Asylum Support Office

Regulation (EU) No 439/2010 establishes a European Asylum Support Office to strengthen cooperation between the Member States in this area and assist them in coping with crisis situations.

Regulation (EU) No 439/2010 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 May 2010 establishing a European Asylum Support Office.

The European Asylum Support Office (EASO) is a European Union (EU) agency in operation since 2011. Its function is to:

boost the cooperation of Member States on asylum matters;
support the Member States whose asylum and reception systems are under particular pressure;
improve the implementation of the Common European Asylum System (CEAS).
Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland should shortly be joining EASO as associate countries, once the agreements negotiated by the EU with each of them have been ratified.

Supporting the cooperation of Member States on asylum matters

The EASO role in this field consists of:

encouraging the exchange and pooling of good practices between the Member States;
organising activities relating to the gathering, analysis and availability of information on the countries of origin of people applying for international protection;
facilitating, when necessary, the relocation of beneficiaries of international protection within the Union;
establishing and developing training available to members of all national administrations and courts and tribunals, and national services responsible for asylum matters in the Member States;
gathering useful information to identify the risks of massive influx of asylum seekers and the ability of States concerned to react, in order to activate early warning systems and prepare any emergency measures required to cope with these pressures.

Support for Member Statessubject to specific pressure

EASO coordinates emergency aid to Member States whose reception facilities and asylum systems are subject to exceptionally heavy pressures, by providing temporary support and assistance.

This aid involves mainly the deployment, in the Member States so requesting it, of asylumsupport teams who provide expertise relating to interpreting services, information on countries of origin and knowledge of the handling and management of asylum cases.

When EASO decides to deploy one or more asylum support teams, it draws up an operating plan in conjunction with the requesting Member State, to define:

the modus operandi and deployment goals;
its foreseeable duration;
the geographical area where the teams will be deployed;
the composition of teams and the tasks of their members.
The support team experts are made available by the Member States and are part of the EASO Asylum Intervention Pool.

Implementation of the Common European Asylum System (CEAS)

EASO contributes to the implementation of CEAS both inside and outside the European Union.

In terms of the internal dimension of CEAS, the EASO contribution is mainly to:

gather information relating to the processing of requests for international protection in the Member States and national legislations in asylum matters; and
write an annual report of the European asylum situation and prepare, if necessary, technical documents on implementing EU asylum instruments.
In terms of the external dimension of CEAS, EASO is especially responsible for:

coordinating the exchange of information and actions undertaken by the Member States under the relocation of refugees originating from third countries;
cooperating with third countries to promote and assist capacity building in their own asylum and reception facilities and to implement regional protection programmes.
EASO structure and governance

The Management Board is EASO’s planning and monitoring authority. It is composed of representatives of the EU Member States and associated countries, the European Commission and a representative of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR).

The Executive Director is appointed by the Management Board and is in charge of the day-to-day management of the agency. He is its legal representative.

The Consultative Forum is a space for ongoing bilateral dialogue, exchange of information and pooling of knowledge between EASO and the civil society. It brings together experts on various aspects of asylum.

The office acquires its income mainly through a contribution registered in the overall EU budget and contributions from associated countries.

References

Act

Entry into force

Deadline for transposition in the Member States

Official journal

Regulation (EU) No 439/2010

18.6.2010

–

OJ L 132, 29.5.2010

RELATED ACTS

Decision 2010/762/EU of the representatives of the governments of the Member States, meeting within the Council, of 25 February 2010 determining the seat of the European Asylum Support Office (OJ L 324, 9.12.2010).

This decision establishes the seat of the European Asylum Support Office at Valletta, Malta.

Council Decision2014/185/EU of 11 February 2014 on the signing, on behalf of the Union, of the Arrangement between the European Union and the Swiss Confederation on the modalities of its participation in the European Asylum Support Office (OJ L 102, 5.4.2014).

Council Decision2014/186/EU of 11 February 2014 on the signing, on behalf of the Union, of the Arrangement between the European Union and the Principality of Liechtenstein on the modalities of its participation in the European Asylum Support Office (OJ L 102, 5.4.2014).

Council Decision2014/194/EU of 11 February 2014 on the signing, on behalf of the Union, of the Arrangement between the European Union and the Republic of Iceland on the modalities of its participation in the European Asylum Support Office (OJ L 106, 9.4.2014).

Council Decision2014/204/EU of 11 February 2014 on the signing, on behalf of the Union, and the provisional application of the Arrangement between the European Union and the Kingdom of Norway on the modalities of its participation in the European Asylum Support Office (OJ L 109, 12.4.2014).

European Union Agency for Asylum

Regulation (EU) 2021/2303 on the European Union Agency for Asylum

It aims to improve the application of asylum policy within the European Union (EU), by turning the European Asylum Support Office (EASO) into a fully-fledged EU agency.
Regulation (EU) 2021/2303 repeals Regulation (EU) No 439/2010, which covered EASO.

Objectives

The European Union Agency for Asylum (EUAA) has several objectives:

to help ensure that EU asylum law is applied effectively and uniformly in EU Member States and in a way that fully respects fundamental rights;
to assist and support Member States in implementing the Common European Asylum System (CEAS) to prevent or identify weaknesses in national asylum and reception systems, in particular by providing operational and technical assistance;
to improve the functioning of the CEAS;
to ensure a common high-level application of CEAS standards through training of national asylum and reception officials.

Tasks

In pursuit of these objectives, the regulation sets the EUAA a number of specific tasks, including to:

assist Member States with receiving and registering applications for international protection;
assist with the relocation or transfer of applicants or beneficiaries of international protection within the EU;
set up and coordinate EU networks on non-EU country information;
assist Member States in identifying applicants requiring special procedural guarantees or those with special reception needs, or other persons in vulnerable situations, including unaccompanied minors.

Organisation and structure

To carry out these tasks the regulation also sets out mechanisms, systems and procedures enabling the EUAA to assist Member States in covering various aspects of asylum policy:

practical cooperation and information on asylum – includes information gathering and analysis, and the exchange of information between Member States, and between Member States and the European Commission;
country information and guidance – includes setting up an EU network on non-EU country information;
operational standards and guidance – the agency will set operational standards, indicators, guidelines and best practices;
monitoring – the agency will prepare the establishment of a monitoring mechanism to assess how the CEAS is being applied from technical and operational perspectives;
operational and technical assistance – such as organising joint initiatives between Member States to process asylum applications and setting up a permanent asylum reserve pool of at least 500 experts who could be deployed immediately;
establishing the role of an independent fundamental rights officer to ensure that the rights of asylum applicants are safeguarded;
information exchange and data protection – includes ensuring the exchange of information between Member States, the Commission and other EU bodies and agencies;
organisation of the agency – includes the administrative and management structure and the composition of the Management Board.

Application & Background

It has applied since 19 January 2022.

For more information, see:

European Union Agency for Asylum.

MAIN DOCUMENT

Regulation (EU) 2021/2303 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 December 2021 on the European Union Agency for Asylum and repealing Regulation (EU) No 439/2010 (OJ L 468, 30.12.2021, pp. 1–54).

RELATED DOCUMENTS
Regulation (EU) 2021/1134 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 July 2021 amending Regulations (EC) No 767/2008, (EC) No 810/2009, (EU) 2016/399, (EU) 2017/2226, (EU) 2018/1240, (EU) 2018/1860, (EU) 2018/1861, (EU) 2019/817 and (EU) 2019/1896 of the European Parliament and of the Council and repealing Council Decisions 2004/512/EC and 2008/633/JHA, for the purpose of reforming the Visa Information System (OJ L 248, 13.7.2021, pp. 11–87).

Regulation (EU) 2019/1896 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 November 2019 on the European Border and Coast Guard and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1052/2013 and (EU) 2016/1624 (OJ L 295, 14.11.2019, pp. 1–131).

Asylum, Migration and Integration Fund (AMIF)

This regulation establishes the Asylum, Migration and Integration Fund. This fund aims to contribute to the efficient management of migration flows and improve the implementation and development of the EU’s common policy on immigration and asylum.

Regulation (EU) No 516/2014 of 16 April 2014 establishing the Asylum, Migration and Integration Fund, amending Council Decision 2008/381/EC and repealing Decisions No 573/2007/EC and No 575/2007/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and Council Decision 2007/435/EC.

The EU’s Asylum, Migration and Integration Fund (AMIF) has four main objectives:

strengthening and developing all aspects of the Common European Asylum System, including its external dimension;
supporting legal migration to the Member States in accordance with their economic and social needs, such as labour market needs, and promoting the effective integration of nationals from non-EU countries;
enhancing return strategies in the Member States with an emphasis on the sustainability of return and effective readmission in the countries of origin;
enhancing solidarity and responsibility sharing between the Member States, in particular towards those most affected by migration and asylum flows.
All EU countries (except Denmark, which is not participating in this fund) prepare national programmes outlining the actions through which they intend to achieve the objectives set out in the AMIF regulation.

Examples of actions include measures to support:

reception and asylum systems (such as improved administrative structures, training of staff dealing with asylum procedures, developing alternatives to detention, etc.);
integration measures with a focus on the local level (such as provision of training and services to non-EU nationals, sharing best practices among EU countries, etc.);
voluntary return programmes, reintegration measures, etc.
While most of the fund’s budget is allocated to the national programmes, part is used for EU-level actions (so-called Union actions), emergency assistance, the European Migration Network and technical assistance at the initiative of the European Commission.

Specific actions

In addition to their national programme allocation, Member States may receive an additional amount for the implementation of specific actions. These actions (listed in Annex II), require Member States to cooperate with each other and generate significant added value for the EU.

Union resettlement programme

Each Member State may also receive, every 2 years, an additional amount based on a lump sum of €6,000 for each resettled person, which will be increased to €10,000 for common priorities (such as regional protection programmes) and vulnerable groups of persons.

Budget

The financial envelope for the implementation of the fund for 2014-20 is set at €3.137 billion at current prices.

Details regarding the implementation of the fund are to be found in Regulation (EU) No 514/2014.

References

Act

Entry into force

Deadline for transposition in the Member States

Official Journal

Regulation (EU) No 516/2014

21.5.2014

–

OJ L 150 of 20.5.2014

RELATED ACTS

Regulation (EU) No 514/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 April 2014 laying down general provisions on the Asylum, Migration and Integration Fund and on the instrument for financial support for police cooperation, preventing and combating crime, and crisis management (Official Journal L 150 of 20 May 2014).

Aylum, Migration and Integration Fund (2021-2027)

Regulation (EU) 2021/1147 establishing the Asylum, Migration and Integration Fund

It establishes the Asylum, Migration and Integration Fund, which aims to contribute to the efficient management of migration flows and to help implement, strengthen and develop the common asylum and immigration policies of the European Union (EU).

The regulation setting up the Asylum, Migration and Integration Fund (AMIF) 2021-2027 is one of several regulations adopted by the EU in the area of freedom, justice and security. These include:

Regulation (EU) 2021/1148 establishing, as part of the Integrated Border Management Fund, the Instrument for Financial Support for Border Management and Visa Policy (see summary);
Regulation (EU) 2021/1149 establishing the Internal Security Fund (see summary).

Objectives

The fund has 4 specific objectives:

strengthening and developing the Common European Asylum System, including its external dimension;
strengthening and developing legal migration to EU Member States, which includes promoting integration and social inclusion;
contributing to efforts countering illegal migration and enhancing safe and dignified return and readmission;
enhancing solidarity and the sharing of responsibility between Member States.

Budget and allocation of funds

The fund has a budget of €9.882 billion for the period of 1 January 2021 to 31 December 2027, the duration of the multiannual financial framework.
€6.270 billion is allocated to Member State programmes and €3.612 billion to the ‘thematic facility’, which has several components including
specific actions
direct management actions at EU level
emergency assistance, resettlement and relocation
the European Migration Network.

Each Member State receives a fixed sum of €8 million at the beginning of the programming period, with the exception of Cyprus, Greece and Malta which receive €28 million each.
The remaining allocation is divided as follows
35% for asylum
30% for legal migration and integration
35% for illegal migration and returns.

Member States must allocate at least 15% of their allocation to the asylum and legal migration and integration objectives.
a minimum of 20% of the thematic facility should be assigned to the solidarity objective.

Resettlement, humanitarian admission and relocation

The fund grants lump sums to Member States for the following cases:

€10,000 for each person admitted through resettlement, including family members;
€6,000 for each person admitted through humanitarian admission, with the amount increased to €8,000 for vulnerable persons — family members may also be eligible;
€10,000 for each applicant / beneficiary of international protection transferred from one Member State to another, including family members.

Non-EU countries

The fund can support actions in or in relation to non-EU countries if they:
contribute to the fund’s objectives;
are not development-oriented;
are coordinated with other EU actions; and
are consistent with the EU’s priorities and external policy.
Specific actions concerning cooperation with non-EU countries and reintegration assistance can be supported through the thematic facility.
Non-EU countries can also be associated with the fund, subject to specific guarantees and agreements.

Application
It has applied since 1 January 2021.

For more information, see:

Asylum, Migration and Integration Fund (European Commission).

MAIN DOCUMENT

Regulation (EU) 2021/1147 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 July 2021 establishing the Asylum, Migration and Integration Fund (OJ L 251, 15.7.2021, pp. 1-47)

RELATED DOCUMENTS
Regulation (EU) 2021/1148 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 July 2021 establishing, as part of the Integrated Border Management Fund, the Instrument for Financial Support for Border Management and Visa Policy (OJ L 251, 15.7.2021, pp. 48-93)

Regulation (EU) 2021/1149 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 July 2021 establishing the Internal Security Fund (OJ L 251, 15.7.2021, pp. 94-131)

Directive 2008/115/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on common standards and procedures in Member States for returning illegally staying third-country nationals (OJ L 348, 24.12.2008, pp. 98-107)

Council Decision 2008/381/EC of 14 May 2008 establishing a European Migration Network (OJ L 131, 21.5.2008, pp. 7-12)

Successive amendments to Council Decision 2008/381/EC have been incorporated in the original text. This consolidated version is of documentary value only.

The European Migration Network

European Migration Network — Council Decision 2008/381/EC

It establishes the European Migration Network (EMN), which aims to give up-to-date, objective, reliable and comparable information on migration and asylum to the EU institutions, EU countries, and the general public.

Key Points

—To achieve its objective, the EMN, in collaboration with other relevant EU bodies, collects and analyses data from a wide range of sources. It then produces reports and studies on the migration and asylum situation in the EU and its countries, which are shared on its information exchange system.

The European Commission coordinates EMN work in cooperation with national contact points (EMN NCPs), which are appointed in each EU country and are responsible for developing a national network. Each EMN NCP is comprised of at least three asylum and migration experts covering the disciplines of policy-making, law, research and statistics.

Other EMN NCP responsibilities include:
—attending EMN meetings in order to exchange data and views and provide input for the development of a work programme;
—preparing national reports and providing information via the information exchange system;
—helping to develop the EMN glossary and thesaurus; and
—developing capacity to respond to ad hoc queries.

The EMN Steering Board (chaired by the Commission, and comprised of representatives from each EU country and an observer from the European Parliament) ensures that the EMN’s work is aligned with EU political priorities.

The EMN is funded by the European Commission. Specifically, the Asylum, Migration and Integration Fund provides the financial resources for the activities and future development of the EMN.
BACKGROUND

The preparatory stage of the EMN started in 2003 in order to address the need to exchange information on all aspects of migration and to contribute to a common asylum and immigration policy. The Hague programme further reinforced the need for a common analysis of migration, which built momentum for the European Commission proposal for this Council decision formally establishing the EMN.

References

Council Decision 2008/381/EC of 14 May 2008 establishing a European Migration Network

REFERENCES

Act

Entry into force

Deadline for transposition in the Member States

Official Journal

Decision 2008/381/EC

21.5.2008

–

OJ L 131, 21.5.2008, pp. 7-12

Amending act(s)

Entry into force

Deadline for transposition in the Member States

Official Journal

Regulation (EU) No 516/2014

1.1.2014

–

OJ L 150, 20.5.2014, pp. 168-194

last update 22.10.2015

Immigration liaison officers’ network

Regulation (EU) 2019/1240 — creation of a European network of immigration liaison officers

EU migration policy aims to replace irregular and uncontrolled migration with migration that is safe and well-managed, through a comprehensive approach aimed at ensuring efficient migration management.

The regulation lays down rules aiming to ensure good cooperation, coordination and exchange of information among immigration liaison officers* deployed to non-EU countries by EU countries, the European Commission and EU agencies, through a European network of immigration liaison officers.

Key Points

The regulation creates a European network of immigration liaison officers to assist in better migration management in order to meet the following EU priorities:

preventing and combating illegal immigration and related cross-border crime, such as migrant smuggling and human trafficking;
carrying out dignified and effective return*, readmission* and reintegration*;
managing legal immigration, including international protection, resettlement, admission procedures and pre-departure integration measures taken by EU countries and the EU.
Local or regional networks of immigration liaison officers

Immigration liaison officers, deployed to the same countries or regions, constitute local or regional cooperation networks. Where necessary and appropriate, they will:

share information and practical experience, including through regular meetings and a secure web-based information exchange platform;
share information regarding access to international protection;
coordinate positions on contacts with commercial carriers;
attend joint specialised training courses, including on fundamental rights, human trafficking, migrant smuggling, document fraud and access to international protection in non-EU countries;
organise information sessions and training courses for diplomatic and consular staff on missions in non-EU countries;
adopt common approaches on methods for collecting and reporting strategically relevant information, including risk analyses;
set up regular contacts with similar networks in the non-EU country and in neighbouring countries.

Tasks of immigration liaison officers

Liaison officers collect information, at operational or strategic level, or both, on:

migration routes;
the existence of criminal organisations involved in migrant smuggling and human trafficking along migration routes;
the methods used to forge or falsify identity documents;
ways to facilitate return, readmission and reintegration;
measures to guarantee effective access to protection put in place by non-EU countries, including for the benefit of vulnerable persons;
existing and possible future legal immigration strategies and channels between the EU and non-EU countries.

Liaison officers can also provide assistance to authorities and other people involved in non-EU countries in the following areas:

establishing the identity and nationality of non-EU nationals and facilitating their return, and helping in reintegration;
identifying persons in need of international protection to facilitate resettlement in the EU, in particular by providing pre-departure information and support where possible;
confirming the identity of legal immigrants and facilitating national and EU measures for their admission;
sharing information within networks of liaison officers and with competent EU national authorities, including law enforcement, to prevent and detect illegal immigration and combat migrant smuggling and human trafficking.

Measures taken by immigration liaison officers, in particular in cases involving vulnerable people, should respect fundamental rights in accordance with relevant international and EU law, including Article 2 and Article 6 of the Treaty on European Union and the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union.

Steering Board

A Steering Board at EU level is set up to strengthen the management of the network and the coordination of immigration liaison officers, while respecting the existing chain of command and reporting lines between immigration liaison officers and their respective deploying authorities, and among immigration liaison officers themselves.
The Steering Board comprises one representative from each EU country, two from the Commission, and one each from the European Border and Coast Guard Agency (also known as Frontex), Europol, and the European Asylum Support Office. Schengen-associated countries will appoint one representative each as members without voting rights.

Application & Background

It has applied since 14 August 2019. Regulation (EU) 2019/1240 revised and replaced Regulation (EC) No 377/2004 and its subsequent amendments.

European Agenda on Migration — Factsheets (European Commission).

Immigration liaison officer: an officer designated and deployed in a non-EU country, by the competent authorities of an EU country, or by the Commission or by an EU agency, in accordance with their respective laws, to deal with immigration-related issues, including when that is only a part of their duties.
Return: the movement of a person going from a host country back to a country of origin, country of nationality or habitual residence usually after spending a significant period of time in the host country whether voluntary or forced, assisted or spontaneous.
Readmission: act by a country accepting the re-entry of an individual (own national, a non-national of that country or a stateless person).
Reintegration: re-inclusion or re-incorporation of a person into a group or a process, e.g. of a migrant into the society of their country of return.

MAIN DOCUMENT

Regulation (EU) 2019/1240 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 June 2019 on the creation of a European network of immigration liaison officers (recast) (OJ L 198, 25.7.2019, pp. 88-104)

Refugee Institutions [EU]

Mutual information mechanism for national asylum and immigration measures

Information sharing and transmission

Development and management of the network

Evaluation

Application & Background

MAIN DOCUMENT

European Asylum Support Office

Supporting the cooperation of Member States on asylum matters

Support for Member Statessubject to specific pressure

Implementation of the Common European Asylum System (CEAS)

References

Act

European Union Agency for Asylum

Objectives

Tasks

Organisation and structure

Application & Background

MAIN DOCUMENT

Asylum, Migration and Integration Fund (AMIF)

Specific actions

References

Aylum, Migration and Integration Fund (2021-2027)

Objectives

Budget and allocation of funds

Resettlement, humanitarian admission and relocation

Non-EU countries

MAIN DOCUMENT

The European Migration Network

Key Points

References

Immigration liaison officers’ network

Key Points

Tasks of immigration liaison officers

Steering Board

Application & Background

MAIN DOCUMENT

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EU Border Control

EU Visa Systems

EU Visas